According to the news of "Net Letter Shangqiu", the Office of COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control Headquarters in Shangqiu City issued an urgent notice (No.33, 2022) on canceling the dining in hotels and restaurants. The full text is as follows:

　　At present, the epidemic situation inside and outside the city is extremely severe. In order to reduce the gathering of people and prevent the spread of the epidemic, the Municipal Epidemic Prevention and Control Headquarters has decided to cancel all kinds of operating hotels and restaurants, including canteens and restaurants in the unit, from now on. Release time will be announced later.

　　Shangqiu COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control Headquarters Office

　　April 4, 2022

　　Xinhua News Agency, Jinan, February 21stQuestion: Is the "taste of the year" weak? — — Perspective on the Change and Invariance of Spring Festival Customs

　　Xinhua News Agency reporters Wang Zhi, Yuan Junbao and Wang Yang

　　The Spring Festival is a grand and lively traditional festival in Chinese, and it is also an important moment to reunite with relatives and friends. With the development of society and the progress of the times, people’s custom of celebrating the New Year has changed greatly. Experts believe that although the "ritual sense" of the Chinese New Year is weakening now, the New Year custom branded with the new era is passed down in evolution, and the "cultural gene" of the Spring Festival reunion remains unchanged.

　　The change of "smell": the city does not smell firecrackers, and it is green and environmentally friendly to celebrate the New Year.

　　"This year’s New Year’s Eve is quiet, I can’t smell the sultry smell, I can’t see the firecrackers scattered everywhere, I see the blue sky, leaving a comfortable mood." In the early morning of the first day of the first month, Zhao Lijuan, a citizen of Jinan, wrote this feeling of Chinese New Year in his WeChat circle of friends.

　　The sound of firecrackers said goodbye to the old year. During the Spring Festival, people will set off fireworks to welcome the New Year. However, the environmental pollution and safety hazards caused by fireworks and firecrackers have become more and more prominent. It has become people’s common wish to keep green mountains and green waters and blue sky and white clouds.

　　From January 1st this year, Jinan City banned the discharge of fireworks and firecrackers in the core area. At the same time as the ban was issued, Jinan also issued a policy that citizens can replace the remaining fireworks and firecrackers in their homes with daily necessities and souvenirs, and set up special "exchange points" in residential communities.

　　Luo Baoyu, director of the Aolong Community Neighborhood Committee in Shunhua Road, Jinan, said that although setting off firecrackers is a traditional Chinese New Year custom, the centralized discharge produces serious air pollution, leaving debris on the ground and the hard work of thousands of sanitation workers. When the tradition is contrary to the real environment, we should advocate green festivals and civilized festivals.

　　According to the data from the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the air quality in 338 cities across the country has generally improved on New Year’s Eve this year, and the maximum hourly average concentration of PM2.5 decreased by 22.1% compared with last year’s New Year’s Eve.

　　The change of "human touch": not seeing each other is like meeting each other, but it is more "normal" when it is "light"

　　"In the past, it took more than 20 hours to get on the train from Lanzhou to Xuzhou. Now it takes only more than 7 hours to take the high-speed train." Sun Xia, whose hometown is in Junan County, Shandong Province, said that the train is fast, the plane tickets are relatively cheap, and there are more times to go home, which is not as exciting and exciting as going home once in previous years.

　　The data shows that last year, China’s railways completed 3.039 billion passenger trips, of which 1.713 billion were sent by EMUs. By the end of last year, the number of motor vehicles in China had reached 310 million, about one motor vehicle for every four people.

　　At the same time, with the popularity of communication means such as smart phones and video calls, it is easier to "meet" between relatives and friends. Liu Lifan, a citizen of Jinan, said that although his 70-year-old mother can’t read, she has learned to connect WeChat videos with a tablet computer, and several old brothers and sisters often have video group chats together. "Now there are more interactions between relatives and friends on the phone, WeChat chat and friends circle. Although it is not seen, it is just like meeting each other." Liu Lifan said.

　　According to the data released by China Internet Network Information Center recently, as of December 2017, the number of netizens in China reached 772 million, with a penetration rate of 55.8%, which was 4.1 percentage points higher than the global average (51.7%).

　　Cui Shuyi, director of the Institute of Demography of Shandong Academy of Social Sciences, said that due to the restrictions of transportation and communication conditions, the "homesickness" such as family and friends exchanges was a concentrated release when they returned home during the Spring Festival, but now it is as usual. "It seems to be bleak, but in fact it is more opportunities and times of communication."

　　The change of "taste of the year": the "sense of ceremony" is weakened, and the "cultural gene" of reunion remains unchanged.

　　"Watching the Spring Festival Gala on TV when I was a child", "Waiting to wear new clothes and have a good meal", "kowtowing to the elders on New Year’s Day" and "setting off firecrackers with friends" … … Many people are deeply impressed by these memories.

　　However, with the continuous improvement of the living standards of Chinese residents, the changes in urban and rural population structure and the development of science and technology, people’s participation in the Spring Festival has decreased, and the ways of buying new year’s goods and greeting the New Year have been constantly changing, and the "sense of ceremony" of the New Year has also weakened.

　　"Twenty-three, candied melons are sticky; Twenty-four, sweep the house; … … Twist on the first day of the New Year. " Li Wei, a citizen of Zibo, said that although some traditional Chinese New Year folk customs are less involved, people’s habit of going home for reunion in the New Year remains unchanged.

　　Experts believe that with the development of economy and society, the concept of Chinese New Year is also changing in people’s minds, and the annual customs as a specific form of expression will inevitably change. For example, setting off fewer firecrackers, eating a low-sugar and low-oil diet, and paying New Year greetings online are all changes that have taken place to adapt to the new situation. Professor Sun Yu, Dean of the College of Literature of China Renmin University, believes that the taste of the year is actually the human touch. As long as the human touch remains unchanged, the change of form is the normal state of custom.

　　Song Aijun, deputy director of the China Local Folklore Professional Committee, said that there should be more tolerance for the changes in the form of annual customs. "New life and New Year customs can be regarded as a kind of circulation of annual tastes, from rural folks to urban space, from offline to online."

CCTV News:China — The Central Asia Summit was successfully held in Xi ‘an. The heads of government departments of Central Asian countries attending the meeting positively evaluated the important role of the Summit in promoting regional peace and development, and highly affirmed China’s promotion of the construction of China — Central Asia’s community of destiny and efforts to achieve common development with all parties.

Minister of Foreign Affairs of Tajikistan Mukhriddin:This summit is dedicated to building China — Central Asia’s community of destiny will have a far-reaching and comprehensive impact on the whole region. We appreciate this concept put forward by China very much, which reflects our commitment to win-win cooperation and common development. In addition, the global development initiative, global security initiative and global civilization initiative put forward by China leaders are of great significance to all countries.

Minister of Economy and Commerce of Kyrgyzstan Daniar Oman Geldyev:The "One Belt, One Road" initiative put forward by Chairman of the Supreme Leader unites all of us. This year marks the 10th anniversary of the initiative. I think we have made great achievements in the past 10 years. For our landlocked countries, the "Belt and Road Initiative" has helped the whole Central Asian region gain the potential for economic and trade development. China — The Central Asia Summit will bring broad prospects for cooperation and development in Central Asia.

During the summit, many countries in Central Asia signed cooperation agreements with China in energy, economy, trade, humanities, science and technology and other fields. The participants are looking forward to being in China — Under the Central Asia mechanism, we will further deepen pragmatic cooperation in various fields and make the results more beneficial to the people in the region.

Jurabek Mi Erzha Makhmudov, Minister of Energy of Uzbekistan:Under the framework of this visit, we signed a series of solid cooperation agreements and memorandums, and reached cooperation intentions on projects in renewable energy and other fields. These projects will not only help the development of Uzbekistan, but also promote cooperation among all countries in the region. We look forward to further deepening cooperation with China in various fields.

"Ali Farabbi" Tuimebayev Jansen CancentToure, President of Kazakhstan National University;Our university and Northwestern Polytechnical University signed a cooperation agreement under the witness of the two heads of state. This is the first time that a China university has set up a branch school in Kazakhstan. We believe in China — The Central Asia Summit will further promote exchanges and cooperation between Central Asian countries and China in the fields of education, science and technology. Especially in the current complicated international situation, the convening of the summit is of great significance to promoting peace and stability in Central Asia and even the world.

　　According to the monthly climate report released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on September 14th, according to the data so far this year, there is a 93.42% probability that 2023 will become the hottest year on record.

　　For many people, this summer seems to be particularly long and unbearable. In the past few months, rare high temperatures above 40℃ have continued to appear in many places in China, followed by heavy rainfall and floods; Globally, many countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia ushered in extreme heat waves early in April-May; Mountain fires raged in Canada and Hawaii in the United States, and the casualties were the highest on record; The abnormal warming of seawater around Britain and Ireland threatens the survival of fish … …

　　However, this summer’s extreme weather may be just a preview of the future. In fact, the summer in the northern hemisphere is indeed extending. A study published in Geophysical Research Letters shows that if no measures are taken to curb global warming, by 2100, the northern hemisphere will spend more than half of its time in summer every year. The extended summer will not only bring longer high temperature, but also witness more extreme weather events such as rainstorm and mountain fire, which will also bring severe tests to phenology and agriculture.

　　"If the trend of global warming is not contained, the climate model forecast shows that there is the possibility that winter will disappear at some time in the future." Guan Yuping, a professor at south china sea institute of oceanology, told The Paper, "It’s hard to imagine what the earth will be like then!"

　　"Arrive early and leave late" in summer

　　Guan Yuping and his collaborators did this research by accident and curiosity, but the "unexpected" discovery attracted the attention of the whole world.

　　In this study, they analyzed the climate data of the northern hemisphere from 1952 to 2011 and found that the average length of summer has increased from 78 days to 95 days under the influence of global warming. If no measures are taken under the current greenhouse gas emission, by 2100, the summer in the northern hemisphere will be as long as six months, and the length of the other three seasons will be shortened.

　　And this summer’s high temperature "early arrival and late departure" is confirming this trend.

　　As early as the beginning of April, record extreme high temperatures appeared in Southeast Asia and South Asia. At the end of April, the temperature in southwest Europe and North Africa was 20℃ higher than the normal level in the same period of last year, reaching the high temperature level that is usually only available in July and August. Subsequently, new records of high temperature emerged one after another, and many authoritative organizations announced that July this year has become the hottest month on record on earth.

　　Until the end of August, 28 provinces in France still issued orange heat wave warnings, the temperature in some parts of the Middle East exceeded 50℃, and the high temperature record in central America was still being refreshed … …

　　In addition to the high temperature, this summer’s unusual extreme weather events such as hurricanes, mountain fires and droughts have also brought unprecedented damage.

　　This summer, after the continuous extreme high temperature in North China, the Haihe River Basin experienced the heaviest rainfall and the biggest flood in 60 years. The rapid transformation of drought and flood has not only broken people’s conventional understanding of the weather, but also made disaster prevention and emergency prevention more complicated.

　　In May, the first residents in Canada were forced to evacuate due to mountain fires. As of August 19th, there were still more than 1,000 mountain fires burning continuously, and they suffered the "worst" forest fire season in history. In the middle and late July, more than a thousand wildfires occurred in many places in Greece, causing air pollution equivalent to consuming 2.3 million barrels of oil; On August 15th, a mountain fire swept through Maui, Hawaii, USA. The worst mountain fire in the United States for more than a century caused 114 deaths and thousands of people lost contact, and the historic town of Lahaina was reduced to ashes … …

　　Premature continuous high temperature may be disastrous for human beings, animals and plants. The latest assessment of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that compared with before the industrial revolution, global warming of 1.5℃ will bring irreversible impacts on human beings and natural systems. As the global average temperature continues to rise, summer will start earlier and last longer, and the frequency of extreme weather events will also increase.

　　Phenology: biological rhythm that is no longer punctual

　　Abnormal seasonal changes and temperature changes also have a direct impact on biological rhythm. Flowering, Reproduction and Migration … … Everything in nature operates in an orderly way according to phenology, and climate change is disrupting this biological clock that has been calibrated in the past centuries of biological evolution.

　　The United Nations Environment Programme’s Frontier Report 2022: Noise, Fire and Phenology Mismatch points out that under climate change, not all species can evolve in the same direction and at the same rate. It is this mismatch that has a profound impact on the survival of species, and many species will become extinct.

　　A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows that global warming is making the spring in North America start earlier and earlier. Birds can’t keep up with this change, and if they deviate from the best breeding time, they will miss the most abundant opportunity in their habitat, resulting in fewer young birds.

　　In America and the Middle East, record warm winters disrupt the hibernation cycle of bears. Walking in the forest in winter, they not only face food shortage, but also pose a threat to the safety of surrounding residents and forestry workers.

　　The extension of summer caused by global warming has also contributed to the spread of infectious diseases. Studies have shown that when the water temperature rises, the time from egg to adult can be shortened from two weeks to one week; When the temperature reaches 26℃ to 31℃, the replication of Japanese encephalitis virus and dengue virus in mosquitoes increases compared with 20℃, and their infectivity is enhanced.

　　In fact, this effect is already happening. So far this year, more than 3 million cases of dengue fever have been reported in America alone. Dengue fever is spreading to areas where Aedes aegypti would not have entered. In 2015, Mexico City at an altitude of 2,240 meters recorded the invasion of Aedes aegypti for the first time.

　　The damage of sewage system and the interruption of drinking water caused by extreme weather events such as hurricanes, rainstorms and floods will also increase the risk of various pathogens. At present, driven by the unusually warm ocean, the hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean has just begun to "wake up". On August 20th, California, usually unaffected by hurricanes, issued its first hurricane warning in 84 years.

　　Agriculture: Race against Climate Change

　　"Many farmers have reported that it is getting hotter and hotter now, or it is very hot early in the morning." Feng Qihua, a researcher on the impact of climate change on ecological small farmers, told The Paper, "For example, farmers in Pinggu, Beijing, had to cover themselves with quilts in the mountains at the beginning of June last year, but it was already too hot in June this year."

　　In order to investigate the impact of climate change and the accompanying abnormal weather, Feng Qihua and his colleagues visited 18 farms in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and South China from May 2022, and interviewed 28 ecological small farmers.

　　During her visit, she learned that due to the extreme high temperature in summer, many farmers had to change their working hours and go to work in the fields before 8 am and after 5 or 6 pm.

　　"(We) are racing against the speed of climate change now." She described it.

　　In addition, some farmers found that when winter is too warm or short, the base of overwintering pests increases, and abnormal temperature or precipitation changes break the population balance of pests and beneficial insects in the soil, so crops will be more susceptible to pests and diseases in spring.

　　However, in Feng Qihua’s view, the greatest impact on agricultural production is not the high temperature and summer extension itself, but the high uncertainty of seasonal change and extreme weather events. "The biggest problem with climate change is that the speed of warming is beyond the range that some systems can bear."

　　This not only means that it is difficult for farmers to arrange production according to the original traditional solar terms and phenological signals, but also means that crops are more likely to reduce production or commodity.

　　"If it is a natural climate change, time will usually happen slowly in hundreds of thousands of years, and animals and plants can often adapt to the environment or move to places suitable for survival, but now the speed of climate change caused by human beings is more than 100 years, which makes them far away ‘ Can’t keep up with the pace ’ 。” She said.

　　● The so-called duplicate checking of papers refers to inquiring about the repetition rate of papers, aiming at coping with academic misconduct and plagiarism of academic papers.

　　The "duplicate checking rate" of graduation thesis in some schools has been reduced from the original 30% to 20%, and even more strictly to below 8%. In addition, the school has added a retrial link, that is, the quality of the graduation thesis of the graduated students is tracked and monitored. Once it is found that it is higher than the duplicate checking rate, the degree certificate and graduation certificate will be cancelled directly.

　　At present, there is still a lack of infrastructure to curb academic corruption. We should constantly strengthen supervision and supervision, improve the academic evaluation system, and establish good academic norms.

　　Legal Daily reporter Zhao Li

　　The graduation season is coming, and the accompanying paper duplicate checking has also been put on the agenda.

　　However, this year’s strict paper duplicate checking rate has made many fresh graduates "shiver". According to the survey, the "duplicate checking rate" of graduation thesis in some schools has been reduced from 30% to 20%, and even more strictly to below 8%. In addition, some schools have added a retrial link, that is, the quality of graduation thesis of graduated students is tracked and monitored. Once it is found that it is higher than the duplicate checking rate, the degree certificate and graduation certificate will be cancelled directly.

　　On February 22 this year, the Ministry of Education announced the main points of work in 2019. In higher education, the Ministry of Education will strengthen the supervision and investigation of academic misconduct, and this year, it will carry out sampling inspection of master’s and doctoral dissertations.

　　On February 27th, the Ministry of Education issued a document to further standardize and strengthen the management of postgraduate examination enrollment and training, and to investigate the fraudulent behavior of dissertations immediately, investigate it to the end, investigate it with responsibility, and never tolerate it, so as to achieve "zero tolerance".

　　On April 2, the Ministry of Education announced the Ministry of Education’s Departmental Budget for 2019 in official website, saying that in 2019, the Ministry of Education plans to sample about 6,000 doctoral dissertations (excluding the military system), and the sampling ratio is about 10% of the number of doctoral degrees awarded in the last academic year. In 2019, the sampling budget for dissertations was 8 million yuan.

　　Some critics say that China’s colleges and universities are entering the "strict out" era, and those fresh graduates who can walk into the print shop are the "winners in life" this graduation season, because they have finally reached the final step of completing their graduation thesis.

　　Paper duplication checking is becoming more and more strict.

　　Water injection writing is a thing of the past.

　　After writing the first time, the instructor asked me to quote the literature of the last three years as much as possible. So, check it again on HowNet, and then modify it. The publication time of references is also very important. Finally, you should count the year and date of three years ago, for fear of miscalculation. Now, although the thesis is handed over to the instructor again, I always dream that something has gone wrong when I sleep at night.

　　Lin Hai, a senior graduate who has found a good job, is still very anxious, because the paper is duplicated.

　　Check the first draft once, check it blindly, check it on behalf of the school, and check it again for the defense. Nowadays, "a paper is checked four times" is passed down by some graduates.

　　At present, there are three authoritative papers testing institutions in China: Gocheck VIP, CNKI and Wanfang. Paper duplication checking, also known as paper detection, mainly refers to inquiring the repetition rate of paper content, aiming at coping with academic misconduct and plagiarism of academic papers. The duplicate checking rate of paper detection is the percentage of duplicate words in the total number of words.

　　There are also some people who have already graduated, because of the random inspection of their papers, and they have to check again.

　　Liu Shan (pseudonym), who has graduated with a master’s degree, was selected by the college because of the selective examination of his dissertation by the local education department. "I can only take time to fill out various forms and entrust my schoolmate to help me find a tutor to sign."

　　The sampling papers originated from two documents issued in 2014.

　　In 2014, the state issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of Quality Assurance and Supervision System for Degree and Postgraduate Education, clearly proposing to carry out sampling inspection of doctoral and master’s dissertations. In the same year, the State Council Academic Degrees Committee and the Ministry of Education jointly issued the Sampling Measures for Doctoral and Master’s Dissertations (Degree [2014] No.5).

　　According to the relevant regulations, the author, tutor and graduate school will face corresponding punishment after sampling problems in doctoral thesis. The author of the thesis will be revoked his degree and the tutor will be stopped from enrolling students.

　　In September last year, the Ministry of Education issued the Notice on Paying Close Attention to the Implementation of the Spirit of the National Conference on Undergraduate Education in Colleges and Universities in the New Era, emphasizing that colleges and universities should comprehensively sort out the teaching contents of various courses, eliminate "water courses", create "gold courses", strictly control the exit of graduation and resolutely cancel the "clear examination" system.

　　In October of the same year, the Ministry of Education issued "Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of High-level Undergraduate Education and Improving the Ability of Cultivating Talents in an All-round Way", which clearly proposed to strengthen the whole process management of the topics, topics and defense of graduation design (thesis), strictly monitor the form, content and difficulty, and improve the quality of graduation design (thesis). Strengthening the management of undergraduate graduation project (thesis) is a measure to pay close attention to undergraduate education and teaching.

　　In this year’s graduation season, many colleges and universities have strengthened their management in "strict out".

　　In April, Tsinghua University published the latest revised Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Management of Disciplinary Actions against Students in Tsinghua University, in which there was a significant change, that is, the punishment for academic misconduct was increased, and those who plagiarized dissertations could be expelled from school. The original punishment was to give "the above punishment".

　　On May 5th, the Undergraduate School of Central South University issued a relevant notice, which made it clear that students whose "copy ratio" was 70% or above in the second test were suspected of serious paper fraud. If the fraud (plagiarism) was confirmed to be true, the college would study and deal with the students and their instructors seriously according to the regulations.

　　On May 6th, the Academic Affairs Office of Emei Campus of Southwest Jiaotong University issued the Notice on Doing a Good Job in Checking and Testing the Graduation Design (Thesis) of 2019, requiring that the checking and testing of this graduation design (thesis) should increase the comparison database of college students’ theses (including this one). If students from the same department and school are found to plagiarize from each other, the Academic Affairs Office will start the investigation procedure and deal with it strictly.

　　Paper testing promotes business.

　　There are hidden traps in price concessions.

　　In order to prevent the repetition rate of papers from being too high and unqualified, most students will check the duplicates themselves.

　　According to a survey conducted by the reporter of Legal Daily, it has become the choice of many graduates to check the duplicate in Taobao or use the duplicate checking software before the school organizes duplicate checking.

　　However, the school does not allow graduates to check the papers privately. Those students who can’t guarantee that they can meet the requirements twice or the school doesn’t provide duplicate checking accounts often choose to go to the e-commerce platform to buy duplicate checking accounts for papers.

　　When the reporter searched for "paper duplicate checking" on the Internet, he saw various brands of duplicate checking products, with prices ranging from tens of yuan to hundreds of yuan, and the scope of duplicate checking covered from undergraduate graduation thesis to doctoral thesis. Some businesses can sell tens of thousands of times a month.

　　According to the reporter’s observation, the introduction information of the merchants is almost the same: the duplicate checking of this master’s thesis, the VIP5.2 system, the test results are consistent with those of colleges and universities, and the verification of authenticity is supported.

　　After communicating with the merchants, the reporter learned that generally, as long as the payment is based on the number of words in the paper, the corresponding order will be generated, and you can enter the self-service entrance of HowNet to check the duplicate. After completing the corresponding steps, you will get the duplicate check result in an hour.

　　Price concessions are one of the main reasons for the popularity of online duplicate checking service at present.

　　Take the Webmaster VIP5.1/TMLC2 system as an example, the lowest price for a duplicate check is around 280 yuan, and the highest price in the peak season is around 350 yuan. For the undergraduate PMLC system of HowNet, the lowest price for a duplicate check is around 130 yuan, and the highest price is around 180 yuan.

　　However, the Academic Misconduct Network once said in "Beware of the Low Price Trap in Taobao HowNet Paper Detection" that some ordinary versions of HowNet detection in 5 yuan and 1 yuan on Taobao are mostly "selling dog meat by hanging sheep’s head". Although a few low-cost tests can support the verification of the authenticity of HowNet, the verification time is very old, that is, the old report verification code is inserted into the ordinary version of the test.

　　However, some students who use other duplicate checking software are easily caught in a dilemma.

　　"Last year, I used two softwares to check the duplicate for insurance, but I got very different results, one was 29%, and the other was only 12%." Zhang Yan, a Beijing resident who has been working now, recalled that in order to be "more stable", she could only compare the two reports word for word and make changes to the overlapping parts.

　　To Zhang Yan’s chagrin, in the final report given by the college, the repetition rate of his papers was less than 10%. "This shows that the previous two duplicate checks are inaccurate, and the software duplicate checking technology is really flattering.".

　　There are not a few people who have had the same experience as Zhang Yan.

　　Some interviewees recalled that they used three different duplicate checking softwares, which were modified every time they checked, but the repetition rate of the last check actually increased instead of decreasing.

　　With the cake of paper duplicate checking getting bigger and bigger, an industrial chain with dense culverts is emerging, which makes the simple duplicate checking service move towards "weight reduction", "ghostwriting" and "piracy".

　　On an e-commerce platform, the reporter noticed that a professional and streamlined production line that circumvented the duplicate checking software was formed. A paper with a total length of more than 10,000 words, which requires that the duplicate checking rate be reduced from 22% to 5%, is quoted at a store in 850 yuan.

　　In addition, there are still many students who spit out the current check-up standard.

　　Lin Hai believes that it is still unfair to avoid duplication of academic misconduct to some extent. He told reporters that taking the study of ancient documents involved in his thesis as an example, this kind of humanities papers quoted more original words from other works, which invisibly led to a high duplicate checking rate. "Duplicate checking rate should not be a prerequisite for determining the quality of papers and whether students participate in defense."

　　The foundation of national rejuvenation lies in education, while the whole education lies in primary and secondary schools.

　　A 70-year history of basic education in China is also a true portrayal of new China’s development from backwardness to revitalization. At the beginning of the founding of New China, China’s per capita education was only 1.6 years. In 2018, this figure has risen to 10.6 years, and China’s education has made remarkable achievements.

　　Since the founding of New China, China’s basic education has achieved great-leap-forward development. From 1949 to 2018, the gross enrollment rate of preschool education in China increased from 0.4% (in 1950) to 81.7%, the net enrollment rate of primary school increased from 20% to 99.95%, the gross enrollment rate of junior high school increased from 3.1% to 100.9%, and the gross enrollment rate of senior high school increased from 1.1% to 88.8%, which left a great legacy in the history of human education.

　　70 years of hard work, 70 years of spring and autumn.

　　In the past 70 years, the face of China’s weak education foundation has been completely changed, among which basic education has played an important role. Over the past 70 years, China’s basic education has always walked with the tide of the times, condensed China’s experience for human education, issued China’s voice and contributed China’s wisdom.

　　Re-establish order and get on the right track

　　To rebuild order and stabilize the situation, at the beginning of the founding of New China, China’s basic education was gradually standardized in the process of exploration.

　　In December 1949, the first national conference on education was held after the founding of New China, which defined the general policy of national education and marked the transformation of China from semi-colonial and semi-feudal education to new-democratic education.

　　According to the general policy of education, the decision on the reform of the educational system, the first educational system document in New China, was promulgated in 1951, which made new provisions on the status, years and mutual connection of schools at all levels, and a team of professional teachers was initially formed. In 1952, the Provisional Regulations for Primary Schools (Draft) and the Provisional Regulations for Middle Schools (Draft) were officially promulgated, which comprehensively standardized the education and teaching of primary and secondary schools in China and formed the basic framework of the curriculum of primary and secondary schools in China. According to these two documents, the Ministry of Education has formulated a new syllabus for primary and secondary schools, and a new basic education curriculum system has been initially established in New China.

　　However, the old society left a mess for the education in new China, with illiteracy and semi-illiteracy accounting for more than 80% of the total population, and the enrollment rate of school-age children is only about 20%. Universal education, especially universal primary education, has become the top priority of education in new China.

　　By the end of 1965, China’s basic education had been fully restored, with 14.32 million students in secondary schools and 116.269 million students in primary schools, which were 6.9 times and 3.9 times higher than the highest in 1946 before the founding of New China, respectively, and the enrollment rate of school-age children reached 85%. General secondary education has trained more than 20 million graduates and a large number of labor reserve forces for the country, laying the foundation for the training of senior professionals. From 1949 to 1965, 102.723 million people were illiterate in China, with an average annual literacy rate of 6.043 million.

　　In 1977, education in China ushered in the long-awaited spring. At the beginning of his comeback, Deng Xiaoping volunteered to be in charge of education and science and technology. School education is out of chaos and back on track.

　　China entered the new period of reform and opening up with a heavy historical burden. Although many large-scale literacy campaigns have been carried out throughout the country before, and many times it has been proposed to popularize primary education within a time limit, in the early 1980s, primary education in China was still not universal.

　　The Constitution of People’s Republic of China (PRC) promulgated in 1982 put forward "universal primary compulsory education", which was the first time since the founding of New China that it was determined in the form of a constitution to popularize primary compulsory education in China, and became the fundamental follow-up for popularizing primary compulsory education everywhere.

　　After the reform and opening-up, China has entered a new situation of all-round socialist modernization. Where should the reform of primary and secondary education go? In 1983, the teaching reform experiment of Jingshan School in Beijing has gradually entered a new stage of comprehensive reform of primary and secondary education from a single experiment. With such questions, the teachers and students of this school put questions to Deng Xiaoping in a letter of more than 500 words. A few days later, Deng Xiaoping wrote an inscription for Beijing Jingshan School: "Education should face modernization, the world and the future." These "three aspects" set the beacon of modern education in China and became the general policy of education reform in China.

　　In 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Decision on Education System Reform (hereinafter referred to as the Decision) was promulgated. The "Decision" proposed for the first time that "nine-year compulsory education should be implemented step by step". In order to achieve the grand goal of popularizing nine-year compulsory education, according to the national conditions at that time, the responsibility for developing basic education was handed over to local governments, and the state mobilized the enthusiasm of local governments for developing basic education, while local governments also relied on the people to run education. This system reform has promoted the rapid popularization of compulsory education in China.

　　In order to ensure the smooth implementation of compulsory education, in 1986, the nine-year compulsory education was written into the newly promulgated Compulsory Education Law, which provided special legal guarantee for the popularization of compulsory education, and China’s basic education embarked on the track of legalization.

　　A leap towards a big country in human resources

　　An educational history is a historical portrayal of a country’s revitalization and development.

　　From the establishment of universal compulsory education system in the form of national legislation in 1986, education equity rose to the will of the state for the first time, and the goal of "two basics" was fully realized in 2011. In these 25 years, China’s basic education opened a road of "quantity compensation" and "scale expansion".

　　This is a shining link in the history of China: on the one hand, it is connected with China’s century-old dream of popularizing compulsory education, and on the other hand, it is connected with China’s bright future of building a powerful country with human resources.

　　Achieving nine-year compulsory education in an all-round way and basically eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people is a brilliant milestone in the history of education in China and the most ambitious foundation stone project for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　In the mid-1980s, the Republic faced the reality that knowledge regained respect, education order was restored soon, primary education was just popularized, and more than 200 million people were still illiterate and semi-illiterate.

　　In 1992, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward that "by the end of this century, nine-year compulsory education will be basically popularized and illiteracy among young people will be basically eliminated" as an important goal for the development of China’s education in the 1990s.

　　Throughout the 1990s, education in China has been asking: When will nine-year compulsory education be popularized so that all school-age children can enter schools?

　　In 1993, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Outline of Education Reform and Development in China, which opened a new era of education reform and development in China, and formally took "two basics" as a new goal.

　　At the national conference on education held in 1994, the "two basics" really changed from a goal to a national action, which became the top priority of China’s education work, and a military order was issued in 1996, 1998 and 2000.

　　Dezhou, located in the northwest of Shandong Province, had a local fiscal revenue of only 740 million yuan in 1996. In the three years since the Ninth Five-Year Plan, a total of 860 million yuan was allocated for education. On December 25, 1997, with the last county in Texas passing the acceptance of "Pujiu", this "Pujiu" attack, which lasted for three years and went up and down to Qi Xin, was fully completed.

　　Like Texas, in the 1990s, "Nine-Year Compulsory Education" was launched vigorously throughout the country. At that time, the national construction was still in its infancy, and under the condition of very tight financial resources, the multi-channel school-running strategy was adopted to widely mobilize local governments and the people to hold compulsory education. This has made a great historical contribution to basically achieving the goal of "two basics".

　　On January 1st, 2001, the government of China solemnly announced to the world that China had achieved the strategic goal of basically popularizing nine-year compulsory education and basically eliminating illiteracy among young people as scheduled. By the end of 2000, the population coverage rate in the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" area reached 85%, and the illiteracy rate among young and middle-aged people dropped below 5%.

　　As a result, the Republic has turned from "basic realization ‘ Two basics ’ " To "fully realize ‘ Two basics ’ " Another chapter in. In 2003, the State Council held the first national conference on rural education since the founding of New China, and put forward the requirements for tackling the "two basics" in the western region: realizing the "two basics" goal in the western region in 2007.

　　Achieving this goal faces extremely difficult conditions and special difficulties. Among the 410 counties that have not achieved the "two basics", there are 215 poverty-stricken counties, 309 minority counties and 51 border counties, and the level of compulsory education lags far behind the national average.

　　The biggest denominator of education in China is in rural areas, and the weakest link is also in rural areas. The compulsory education in rural areas, especially in western rural areas, covers a wide range, involving almost all the difficulties of educational equity.

　　In order to solve the funding gap of rural compulsory education, in 2001, the State Council’s Decision on the Reform and Development of Basic Education made a major reform on the management system of rural basic education, which clearly stated that the management of rural compulsory education was "county-oriented" and "people’s education is run by the people" began to shift to the track of "people’s education is run by the government".

　　However, in the central and western regions of China, the county-level finance with weak financial resources is unable to support the funding of rural compulsory education, and there is a general dilemma of "small horse-drawn carts". In 2005, the State Council’s Notice on Deepening the Reform of Rural Compulsory Education Funding Guarantee Mechanism proposed to establish a rural compulsory education funding guarantee mechanism that is divided into projects and shared by the central and local governments in proportion. Rural compulsory education is fully included in the scope of public financial security.

　　In 2006, the newly revised Compulsory Education Law clarified the principle of free compulsory education in legal form, and established the main contents of the reform of compulsory education funding guarantee mechanism. Under the background of abolishing agricultural tax, from the spring semester of 2006, students in rural compulsory education in the western region were exempted from tuition and miscellaneous fees, which were extended to rural areas throughout the country in spring of 2007 and nationwide in autumn of 2008. At this point, compulsory education is "completely free", and the dream of several generations of Chinese has finally come true.

　　Policies such as rural boarding school construction project, "two exemptions and one subsidy" project, modern distance education project in rural primary and secondary schools, and "special post plan" for rural teachers are closely linked and promoted as a whole. In this context, in 2007, the "two basics" attack in the western region was completed as scheduled, and the education in the western region achieved historic changes. In 2011, China achieved universal nine-year compulsory education and basically eliminated illiteracy among young people.

　　This is an honor worthy of being remembered in the annals of history: it took China 25 years to complete the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" task that took the United States 100 years to complete, and completed the perfect turn from a populous country to a big country in human resources.

　　We have fully realized the "two basics" in a country that accounts for one-fifth of the world’s population and made great contributions to the civilization and progress of all mankind. According to UNESCO statistics, the enrollment rate of children in the world has increased from 80% to 84%, and China has contributed; From 1990 to 2005, there were 100 million illiterates in the world, including 90 million in China. Among the nine populous developing countries, China is the only country that has fully realized nine-year compulsory education, and has become an important force to promote the development of education for all in the world.

　　In this great journey towards equality of educational opportunities, the "two basics", like a spark, have played an important turning point in basic education in series. Educational supervision system originated from "two basics", free compulsory education was realized in "two basics", balanced development started in "two basics", and the concept of quality education was born out of "two basics" … …

　　When quantity is no longer the biggest problem faced by basic education, the voice of quality improvement is getting higher and higher. People are more and more aware of the disadvantages of one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate, and begin to pay attention to people’s all-round development and understand the law of education better.

　　In this context, in 1999, the third national conference on education since the reform and opening up was held in Beijing, with the theme of "deepening education reform and comprehensively promoting quality education". In the same year, the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Deepening Education Reform and Promoting Quality Education in an All-round Way was promulgated, which clarified the objectives, contents and safeguard measures of quality education.

　　Make a final decision Taking this as a symbol and paying attention to connotation development has become an important melody of basic education in China since the new century, bringing a new atmosphere to education in China.

　　The wind rises and sails again, and the development of basic education opens a new voyage.

　　Pursue fair and quality education

　　Seeking happiness for the people is the initial intention of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that people’s yearning for a better life is our goal.

　　When the Communist Party of China (CPC) put forward the ruling idea of "people-centered", people found that this idea was also implemented in the educational action in China.

　　The basic education that has entered the new era has changed from "learning" to "learning", which reflects the people’s yearning for a better life and their expectation for the future. People’s sense of gain has become an important value orientation of basic education, and balanced development and quality improvement have become the new coordinates of the development of basic education in China.

　　The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward that "every child should strive to enjoy a fair and quality education". From basic balance to high-quality balance, from fair educational opportunity to pursuing high-quality educational fairness, it constitutes the main theme of basic education in China in the new period. They all point to the proper meaning of education: paying attention to the all-round development of people and giving every child a chance to shine in life.

　　From basic balance to high-quality balance, a series of measures have landed:

　　In 2002, the "Notice of the Ministry of Education on Strengthening the Management of Basic Education" formally put forward the goal of "actively promoting the balanced development of schools in the compulsory education stage". Since then, "key schools and key classes" have been gradually cancelled.

　　According to the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Plan (2010— In 2020), a series of major basic education projects, such as the nutrition improvement plan for rural compulsory education students and "all-round thinning", have been implemented one after another. These projects are beneficial to the present and the future, and the bottom of basic education can’t be reached. Balanced development is empty talk.

　　In order to speed up the overall allocation of compulsory education resources in urban and rural areas, in 2016, the State Council issued "Several Opinions on Promoting the Integrated Reform and Development of Compulsory Education in Urban and Rural Areas in Counties", and ten measures such as eliminating large classes were subsequently introduced.

　　With the promulgation of "Measures for Supervision and Evaluation of High-quality and Balanced Development of County Compulsory Education" in 2017, China’s compulsory education has entered the stage of "high-quality and balanced" from "basic balance". By the end of 2018, 92.8% of counties (cities, districts) in China had passed the supervision and evaluation of the balanced development of compulsory education.

　　On the premise of paying attention to the degree of fair access to educational opportunities, basic education is focusing on the quality of the people’s acquisition process and the satisfaction of the results, comprehensively and systematically improving the quality, promoting the comprehensive reform of basic education, and constantly approaching the goal of quality education equity.

　　Who to train is the primary problem of education. In 2014, when General Secretary of the Supreme Leader visited Peking University, he pointed out that "the buttons of life should be buckled from the beginning"; During the investigation in Haidian District Ethnic Primary School in Beijing, it was pointed out that children should "remember the requirements, set an example, start from an early age and accept help" when cultivating and practicing socialist core values. On September 10, 2018, at the National Education Conference, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader delivered an important speech, pointing out that "efforts should be made to strengthen moral cultivation, educate and guide students to cultivate and practice socialist core values, improve their moral character in a down-to-earth manner, and become a person with great love, virtue and great feelings."

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has issued the Guide to Moral Education in Primary and Secondary Schools and compiled the Implementation Manual of the Guide to Moral Education in Primary and Secondary Schools, and made great efforts to build a moral education system with correct direction, perfect content, cohesive learning segments, rich carriers and normal development.

　　Classroom is the most critical link of quality. Since the launch of the eighth curriculum reform, the classroom has changed from imparting knowledge to students’ active learning, and "teaching and learning" has undergone profound changes, strengthening the role of the classroom as the main position; In the autumn of 2017, the textbooks of ethics and rule of law, Chinese and history of compulsory education were put into use in the initial grade of compulsory education, which marked that the textbooks of the three subjects had changed from "one syllabus and many books" to unified compilation, examination and use. This was a major deployment to run compulsory education with China characteristics and safeguard the long-term stability of the country with an eye to the requirements of the times.

　　Basic education is the foundation of education, and teachers are the foundation of foundation. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader is very concerned about the construction of the teaching staff, and calls on teachers to be "four haves" and "four guides" for students.

　　In order to make up for the shortcomings of rural teachers, since 2012, the "National Training Program" has trained more than 14 million teachers. The central and western provinces recruited 510,000 special post teachers, optimizing the structure of rural teachers. In addition, the establishment and improvement of the salary guarantee system and the evaluation and employment system of teachers’ professional titles have enhanced the professional attraction of grassroots teachers. In January 2018, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Opinions on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Teachers’ Team Construction in the New Era, which described the grand blueprint for teachers’ team construction in the new era.

　　At the same time, the "baton" of evaluation is also turning. In 2014, the "Implementation Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of Examination Enrollment System" was promulgated, which established the examination enrollment model of classified examination, comprehensive evaluation and multiple admission. In the same year, the new college entrance examination was first implemented in Shanghai and Zhejiang. At the same time, since the Ministry of Education issued the "Guiding Opinions on Further Promoting the Reform of Entrance Examination System in Senior High Schools" in 2016, most provinces and cities have successively announced the implementation plan for the reform of the senior high school entrance examination suitable for the region. The gradual establishment of a scientific evaluation system oriented to the development of quality education has forced the front line of basic education to accelerate the pace of reform.

　　Basic education concerns everyone and is a basic project to improve the quality of the people and realize the prosperity of the country. Implementing the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, making efforts to improve quality and promote fairness, and striving to run a basic education that the people are satisfied with will become the strongest note for the future development of basic education.

　　After the National Education Conference, the central government successively issued three documents on the reform and development of preschool education, compulsory education and ordinary senior high schools: Several Opinions on Deepening the Reform and Normalization of Preschool Education, Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Reform of Educational Methods in Ordinary Senior High Schools in the New Era, and Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Education and Teaching and Improving the Quality of Compulsory Education in an All-round Way, which made a systematic design for the reform of basic education in the new era, marking that China’s basic education has entered a new stage of comprehensively improving the quality of educating people. The publication of China Education Modernization 2035 has become a programmatic document to accelerate the modernization of basic education in the new era.

　　From 1.6 years of education per capita to 10.6 years in 2018, from a big illiterate country to the full realization of nine-year compulsory education, from "not going to school" to "going to school" to "going to school" … … Looking back on the 70-year history, basic education has laid the foundation of national education in China, achieved great changes from scale expansion to connotation construction, and embarked on a road of basic education with China characteristics.

　　Today, China has more than 500,000 schools with nearly 240 million students in the basic education stage, which has provided strong intellectual support and talent reserve for the vigorous development of education at all levels and for China’s economic and social development and the improvement of comprehensive national strength.

　　Learning to teach determines the future of each child, affects the joys and sorrows of countless families and concerns the hope of a nation. Stepping into a new era, from a big education country to a strong education country, basic education will continue to write a new chapter for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. (Reporter Wang Jiayuan)

　　A few days ago, the 2017 "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Progress of Chinese Colleges and Universities" organized and selected by the Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of Education was announced in Beijing after the evaluation process of college declaration and publicity, formal review, preliminary evaluation of the department and final review of the project.

　　The selection of "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Progress in Chinese Colleges and Universities" has been held for 20 times since it was launched in 1998. This selection activity has played a positive role in improving the overall level of science and technology in colleges and universities and enhancing their scientific and technological innovation ability, and has had a great social impact and won a high reputation.

　　The list of selected projects in 2017 (attached) is now published. The list of selected projects is sorted according to the phonetic order of the host unit, in no particular order.

List of Selected Projects of "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Progress of Chinese Colleges and Universities" in 2017

　　Note: Sorted according to the phonetic order of the reporting host, in no particular order.

Introduction of Selected Projects of "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Progress in Chinese Colleges and Universities" in 2017

　　1. Research on the new principle of light field regulation in asymmetric microcavity.

　　The conservation of momentum is one of the objective laws of nature, which reflects the nature of time and space. The generalized momentum of a closed system always remains unchanged. As one of the main physical systems to enhance the interaction between light and matter, the direct coupling between optical microcavity and external light field needs to meet the momentum matching condition, but it is often only realized in a narrow spectral range, which makes the broadband optical physics and application of microcavity face challenges.

　　Academician Gong Qihuang and researcher Xiao Yunfeng of Peking University’s "extreme optics innovation research team" put forward a new principle of chaos-assisted photon momentum conversion in asymmetric optical microcavity, which realized efficient and ultra-wide spectrum optical coupling in optical microcavity. Asymmetric optical microcavity breaks the spatial rotational symmetry and regulates the local light field, thus obtaining a quasi-continuous chaotic mode while supporting the discrete echo wall mode. Photons first refract from the nano-waveguide into the chaotic mode of microcavity; Chaotic motion makes the angular momentum of incident photons increase rapidly in picosecond time scale; Then the dynamic tunneling process realizes its efficient coupling with the echo wall mode. Chaos-assisted coupling no longer needs momentum matching between microcavity and waveguide mode photons, and is expected to play an important role in integrated photonics and information processing. In addition, they also used the nonlinear modulation of optical Kerr effect to observe the spontaneous symmetry breaking of microcavity light field for the first time in experiments, and obtained the chiral light field of microcavity.

　　The research results were published in Science and Physical Review Express respectively, which attracted wide attention from international academic circles, and were featured by more than ten international scientific and technological media such as Phys.org and ScienceDailey, marking that the research on microcavity optics in China has reached a new height.

　　Second, 5 nm carbon nanotube CMOS devices

　　Chip is the foundation and driving force of the information age, and the existing CMOS technology will touch its limit. Carbon nanotube technology is considered as an important option in the post-Moore era. Theoretical research shows that carbon nanotube transistors are expected to provide higher performance and lower power consumption, and it is easier to realize three-dimensional integration, and the comprehensive advantages at the system level will be as high as thousands of times, so chip technology may be promoted to a new height. Professor Peng Lianmao’s team from the Department of Electronics of Peking University made a major breakthrough in the physics, preparation technology and performance limit exploration of carbon nanotube CMOS devices, abandoned the traditional doping process, controlled the polarity of the transistor by controlling the electrode material, and suppressed the short channel effect. For the first time, a high-performance carbon nanotube transistor with a gate length of 5 nm was realized, which surpassed the best silicon-based transistor at present and approached the physical limit determined by the principle of quantum mechanics, and it is expected to push CMOS technology to a technical node below 3 nm. On January 20, 2017, the landmark achievement was published online in Science (2017, 355: 271-276) with the title of Scaling Carbon Nanotube Complete Transistors to 5-nm Gate Lengths. It has been publicly and positively cited by peers including IBM researchers for 24 times in journals such as Science and Natural Nanotechnology, and has been selected as a highly cited paper of ESI.Related work was reported by mainstream academic media at home and abroad such as Nature Index, IEEE Spectrum, Nano Today, Science and Technology Daily and Xinhua News Agency. People’s Daily (Overseas Edition) commented that the working speed of carbon tube transistor is three times that of Intel’s most advanced commercial silicon transistor with 14 nm, and the energy consumption is only one quarter of it, which means that China scientists are expected to catch up with their foreign counterparts in chip technology and it is a new milestone in the development of information technology in China.

　　Third, early intervention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

　　Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third major cause of death in China. The prevalence rate of COPD among people aged 40 and above in China is 8.2%, of which 70.6% are early patients with no obvious symptoms. These patients are easily overlooked and missed diagnosis because of their mild symptoms or even no obvious symptoms. When patients have obvious symptoms such as shortness of breath, most of them are in the middle and late stage of the disease. During this period, the treatment effect of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is poor, and the mortality rate, readmission rate and disability rate are high, which brings a heavy burden to patients’ families and society.

　　For the first time, the team of Ran Pixin of Guangzhou Medical University carried out a multi-center clinical trial for patients with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and found that inhalation of anticholinergic drug tiotropium bromide can significantly improve the lung function and quality of life of patients with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, slow down the annual decline rate of lung function and reduce acute exacerbation. In view of the low popularity of pulmonary function examination and the high missed diagnosis rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China, a new screening technology for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was developed, which provided support for early diagnosis and early intervention. In order to cooperate with drug treatment, a community-based stratified and accurate comprehensive prevention and treatment model was established, and it was found that reducing the exposure of biofuel smoke could reduce the risk of COPD.

　　This study puts forward the early intervention strategy of COPD for the first time. It is suggested that high-risk groups who smoke for a long time and are exposed to polluted air and biofuel smoke should be screened early. Once diagnosed, even if there are no obvious respiratory symptoms, comprehensive intervention measures such as quitting smoking, reducing biofuel smoke exposure and drug treatment should be started in time to prevent further decline of lung function and disease development, and improve the comprehensive prevention and treatment level of COPD.

　　Four, the key technology and industrialization of high performance CNC system

　　High-performance CNC system is the foundation of developing high-end manufacturing equipment and represents the core competitiveness of national manufacturing industry. High-performance CNC systems and machine tools, such as high speed and high precision, five-axis linkage, multi-axis and multi-channel, are the bottleneck problems, which seriously affect the social and economic development of our country.

　　With the support of major national science and technology projects and enterprises, the team of Professor Chen Jihong from Huazhong University of Science and Technology "Industry-University-Research" jointly tackled key problems and developed a series of high-performance CNC system complete products. Build an all-digital and open CNC system software and hardware platform; The control functions such as multi-axis linkage and multi-channel are developed, and the motion control of complex trajectory is realized. A high-speed nano-interpolation method based on flexible acceleration and deceleration is proposed to develop high-speed, high-precision and high-stiffness drive control technology. Invented an analysis method based on big data in command domain, and realized intelligent applications such as health assessment, tool breakage monitoring and process parameter optimization of CNC machine tools. It won 1 second prize of national scientific and technological progress and 5 first prizes at provincial and ministerial levels, forming 13 national and industry standards.

　　The achievements have been applied to more than 2,000 enterprises such as Shen Fei, Chengfei, No.8 Aerospace Institute, No.9 Nuclear Institute, Pushing Ningjiang, etc., realizing the batch application of high-end CNC equipment and weapons and equipment in aerospace, energy and power, automobiles and their parts, 3C manufacturing, machine tools and other fields, and providing important technical support for the independent control of high-end CNC equipment in China. Appraised by China Machinery Industry Federation, its function, performance and reliability have reached the advanced level abroad, and it can replace imports. In the field of aerospace processing and manufacturing, domestic high-grade CNC has achieved a "zero breakthrough".

　　Five, deep-sea high-precision underwater acoustic integrated positioning technology

　　Guided by the deep-sea high-precision underwater acoustic integrated positioning system developed by Harbin Engineering University, China’s "Deep-sea Warrior" manned submersible quickly found the predetermined underwater target in the depth of 3500m in the South China Sea on September 29th this year, and achieved "finding a needle in a haystack", which indicates that China’s deep-sea high-precision underwater acoustic positioning equipment and technology have reached the international leading level.

　　Acoustic wave is the only effective information carrier underwater so far, and high-precision underwater acoustic positioning is the key for human beings to rely on many underwater submersibles to enter, explore and develop the deep sea. However, in order to achieve the same positioning performance as satellites underwater, we must overcome the challenges such as complex underwater acoustic channel environment, serious interference from underwater acoustic platform and difficulties in realizing independent intellectual property system.

　　After eight years of hard work, Professor Sun Dajun’s team has successively overcome key technologies such as deep-sea high-precision ultra-short baseline positioning (won the second prize of national technological invention in 2016), integrated positioning with ultra-short baseline array on water surface and long baseline array distributed on seabed, and solved the problem of asynchronous high-precision positioning with large time delay caused by slow ocean sound speed and platform movement. The underwater acoustic integrated positioning system with independent intellectual property rights (6 invention patents granted in 2017) has been developed, with deep-sea positioning accuracy of 0.3m and positioning efficiency exceeding. Successfully supported the just-concluded maiden voyage test of China’s "Deep Sea Warrior" and the comprehensive investigation and scientific investigation of China’s most advanced scientific research ship "Science" in the South China Sea, laying a solid technical and equipment foundation for China’s deep-sea practice such as scientific exploration of the 10,000-meter abyss "Mariana Trench".

　　Six, high orbit satellite-ground two-way high-speed laser communication system technology

　　The technology of high-orbit satellite-ground bidirectional high-speed laser communication system is one of the frontier scientific fields related to the overall situation and long-term development strategy of the country. The successful completion of the project marks that China has reached the international forefront in the field of space laser communication and is another new milestone in the field of satellite communication.

　　Satellite laser communication has the advantages of large communication capacity, long transmission distance and good confidentiality. It is an irreplaceable means to build a space information superhighway, and it is also the frontier science and technology in the current international information field. Satellite-to-ground laser communication in high orbit needs to achieve high-precision capture between the satellite and the ground station, effectively overcome the influence of satellite motion, platform jitter, complex space environment and other factors, and maintain the continuous high-precision and stable alignment of the laser beam, which is extremely difficult in technology and is a hot spot that countries are competing to develop at present.

　　On April 12, 2017, the laser communication terminal developed by Tan Liying of Harbin Institute of Technology was launched into orbit with the satellite. From May to August, 2017, the high-orbit satellite-ground bidirectional high-speed laser communication system realized "precise alignment, stable maintenance and high-speed communication" between the satellite and the ground station with a distance of nearly 40,000 kilometers. The two-way high-speed information transmission channel between satellite and ground established by laser beam has successfully carried out communication data transmission, real-time forwarding and storage forwarding with the highest transmission data rate of 5 Gbps per second, which is the highest transmission data rate of high-orbit satellite laser communication in the world so far, and its performance and technical indicators have reached the international leading level.

　　The two-way high-speed laser communication system between high orbit satellite and earth has established a high-speed backbone channel in the information network between heaven and earth, which has laid an important foundation for the establishment of an integrated information network between heaven and earth in China in the future.

　　Seven, "bait mode"-a new mechanism of pathogenic bacteria

　　Crop diseases caused by Phytophthora were once called "plant plagues", which seriously threatened global food and ecological security. In the mid-19th century, the European potato late blight epidemic caused millions of people to starve to death or flee, and this "Irish famine" was called a turning point in human history. At present, the annual losses caused by epidemic diseases in the world are still as high as more than 20 billion dollars. Crop diseases break out and spread quickly in the field, causing serious harm. Because of the complex genome of Phytophthora and the lack of understanding of pathogenic mechanism, the research and development of prevention and control technology is seriously restricted.

　　Team Wang Yuanchao of Nanjing Agricultural University systematically studied the action mechanism of Phytophthora effector around the main weapon "effector" that Phytophthora attacks plants. It was found that Phytophthora can secrete glycosyl hydrolase XEG1 to degrade plant cell walls, while plants secrete protease inhibitor GIP1 to inhibit the activity of XEG1. The inactivated mutant XLP1, which can secrete hydrolase, acts as a "bait" to interfere with the defense response, and cooperates with XEG1 to attack plant disease resistance. In addition, it was also found that Phytophthora secreted effector into host cells to destroy plant disease resistance by interfering with histone acetylation.

　　This achievement was published in Science, Current Biology and New Phytologist in 2017, and was reviewed by many magazines such as Nature chemical biology. The "bait model" found in this study is a brand-new pathogenic mechanism and a major theoretical breakthrough in the field of biological interaction in recent years. Because this mechanism is universal in pathogenic bacteria, it not only has guiding significance for improving the persistent disease resistance of crops, but also provides new clues for developing new biological pesticides, which has potential application prospects in the field of green production of crops.

　　Eight, eukaryotic yeast long chromosome chemical reconstruction

　　Genome design and synthesis is a brand-new design and construction of genome from scratch, which can shape life as needed, open the door of transforming from inanimate matter to living matter, and promote life science research from understanding life to creating life. Genome design and synthesis provides a new way to deepen understanding of basic scientific issues such as life evolution, the relationship between genome and function. However, genome synthesis faces some problems, such as the difficulty of precise synthesis of long chromosomes and cell inactivation caused by synthetic chromosomes.

　　After more than five years’ exploration, the teams of Yuan Yingjin of Tianjin University, Yang Huanming of shenzhen huada gene research institute and Junbiao Dai of Tsinghua University completed the chemical total synthesis of four long chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and created the rapid localization method of genome defect targets and the precise repair technology of multi-target fragment co-transformation, which solved the problem of cell inactivation caused by chemical synthesis of long chromosomes and realized the complete matching between the synthetic sequence of long chromosomes and the designed sequence. A multi-level modular and parallel chromosome synthesis strategy was created, and the rapid customized synthesis from small molecular nucleotides to eukaryotic long chromosomes was realized. The artificial ring chromosome was constructed, which established a research model for the mechanism and potential treatment of the currently incurable chromosome ring disease.

　　On March 10th, 2017, this research published four Science papers in the form of long articles, which attracted great attention from experts and media at home and abroad, and was highly praised by articles published in journals such as Science, Nature, Nature Biotechnology, NatureReviews Genetics and Molecular Cell.

　　Nine, coal supercritical water gasification hydrogen generation and power generation technology

　　On December 25th, 2016, Xi ‘an Jiaotong University transferred the "Polygeneration Technology for Hydrogen Production and Power Generation from Coal Supercritical Water Gasification" proposed by Professor Guo Liejin and successfully developed by the team for 20 years to Shaanxi CNNC Jiaotong University, an industrialized investment group, at a price of 150 million yuan, which officially started the industrialization of this technology. Over the past year, the team has continued to tackle key problems, developed a system integration and matching method for large-scale engineering cogeneration of this technology, solved the key technologies and auxiliary engineering technologies existing in industrialization, completed the technical design of two large-scale engineering demonstration devices such as cogeneration and hydrogen-heat cogeneration, and promoted the industrial investment group Shaanxi CNNC Jiaotong University to jointly invest 420 million yuan and 500 million yuan in Xi ‘an Chengtou Group and Yulin Environmental Protection Group respectively to carry out the construction of the first demonstration projects of cogeneration systems such as heat, electricity and hydrogen.

　　This technology can solve the smog-causing coal-fired gas pollutants such as SOx and NOx and dust emission from the source. The mixed product gas composed of supercritical water, H2 and CO2 can be used for hydrogen production, power generation, heat supply and steam supply. CO2 enrichment and resource utilization can be naturally realized in the process, which can improve the coal-electricity conversion efficiency of generator sets by at least 5 percentage points, reduce the one-time investment by 30%, save water and lower the operating cost. The third-party demonstration expert group believes that "the technology has completely independent intellectual property rights, the technology is feasible and the economy is reasonable". Investors believe that this technology "realizes the efficient, clean and pollution-free utilization of coal energy, which will surely bring about profound changes in energy technology and make great contributions to global energy conservation and emission reduction".

　　Ten, high-speed railway train dynamic effect test system (iHSRT)

　　The running speed of high-speed railway trains is high, which is close to or exceeds the wave propagation speed of subgrade soil. The vibration generated by train operation can not spread out in time, causing shock wave phenomenon and Mach effect, resulting in excessive vibration and cyclic cumulative settlement of subgrade, which affects train safety and ride comfort. It is of great scientific significance and engineering value to study the dynamic effect of railway subgrade caused by high-speed train operation under controllable conditions in the laboratory.

　　Academician Chen Yunmin, led by Professor Bian Xuecheng of Zhejiang University, invented the world’s first test device for dynamic effects of high-speed railway trains. The device converts the running load of the train into vertical dynamic load acting on a series of sleepers, and realizes the loading of the subgrade by the high-speed movement of the train axle by accurately controlling the loading phase difference of adjacent vibration exciter. The whole test system consists of train loading exciter array, loading control system, full-scale line model and test system, and the maximum speed is 360 km/h. The core technology won 2 invention patents in the United States and 8 invention patents in China.

　　Using this system, the Mach effect of saturated subgrade and dynamic soil arching effect of pile-supported subgrade accompanied by the sharp increase of dynamic pore pressure are found, and the dynamic stress amplification effect, attenuation law along depth, cyclic cumulative settlement law and mechanism of excessive settlement in high-speed railway subgrade are revealed. Based on this, the evaluation, control and repair methods of subgrade cyclic cumulative settlement are put forward, which have been successfully applied to more than 10 high-speed rail and subway projects on soft soil foundation, and achieved remarkable social and economic benefits. Ten papers were published in international authoritative journals, among which the papers published in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering were rated as "Most Cited Articles".

Summary of Guangzhou’s economic development in 2007 In 2007, our city thoroughly implemented the spirit of the 17th National Congress, consciously practiced Scientific Outlook on Development, fully implemented the central macro-control policies, constantly accelerated the adjustment of economic structure and the transformation of development mode, and made great efforts to deepen reform and open wider to the outside world. The economic operation showed four main characteristics: rapid economic growth, remarkable improvement of benefits, continuous adjustment of structure and gradual improvement of people’s livelihood. However, in the economic operation of our city, there are still some problems that need attention, such as structural contradictions are still outstanding, the ability of independent innovation needs to be strengthened, and it is more difficult to save energy, reduce consumption and reduce emissions. First, the basic judgment is good and fast. According to preliminary accounting, Guangzhou’s GDP in 2007 was 705.078 billion yuan, up by 14.5%, 3.1 percentage points faster than that of the whole country and the same as that of the whole province. Among them, the added value of the first, second and third industries was 16.109 billion yuan, 281.689 billion yuan and 407.280 billion yuan, up by 5.0%, 15.6% and 14.1% respectively. At the same time, the growth rate of local general budget revenue in the city was 7.6 percentage points higher than that of the previous year; The comprehensive index of economic benefits of industrial enterprises above designated size was 225.96, an increase of 24 points over the previous year. It is estimated that the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP in Guangzhou will decrease by 4% year-on-year, and the emissions of sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand will decrease by 8.8% and 2.2% respectively. Supply and demand are booming. From the perspective of production and supply, agricultural production has grown steadily, industrial production has grown rapidly, and the tertiary industry has developed rapidly. From that perspective of demand pull,The consumer market continued to flourish, investment in fixed assets grew steadily, and foreign trade slowed down steadily. Although the growth rate of foreign trade exports has slowed down, the pulling effect of export demand is still obvious. Highly prosperous. In the first quarter to the fourth quarter, the city’s business prosperity index was 145.7, 149.6, 150.9 and 149.1, respectively, and the entrepreneur confidence index was 149.9, 145.0, 152.3 and 148.5, respectively, and the economy continued to operate in a high prosperity zone. Ii. main features (1) rapid economic growth and steady growth of agricultural production. In 2007, the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery reached 28.540 billion yuan, up 5.6% over the previous year, of which the output value of agriculture (planting) was 13.637 billion yuan, the output value of forestry was 420 million yuan, the output value of animal husbandry was 7.022 billion yuan, the output value of fishery was 4.873 billion yuan, and the output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery services was 2.588 billion yuan, up 3.4% respectively. Industrial production has grown rapidly. First, the total growth rate is fast. In 2007, the city’s industrial enterprises achieved a total industrial output value of 987.057 billion yuan, an increase of 20.0% over the previous year, and the growth rate accelerated by 3.1 percentage points. Second, heavy industry has developed rapidly. The total output value of light and heavy industries was 372.383 billion yuan and 614.674 billion yuan respectively, up by 15.2% and 23.1% respectively, and the growth rate of heavy industry was 7.9 percentage points faster than that of light industry.Third, high-tech industries have developed rapidly. The city’s industrial enterprises realized the output value of high-tech products of 296.309 billion yuan, an increase of 28.7%, 8.7 percentage points faster than the city’s industrial development level. Fourth, the driving effect of automobile manufacturing industry is remarkable. The total industrial output value of the three pillar industries was 386.756 billion yuan, an increase of 24.1%. The output values of automobile, electronics and petrochemical manufacturing industries were 162.226 billion yuan, 83.723 billion yuan and 140.807 billion yuan respectively, up by 37.4%, 1.7% and 26.7% respectively, and their contribution rates to the industrial growth above designated size were 27.20%, 1.73% and 18.81% respectively. At the same time, the auto parts manufacturing industry grew strongly, with an annual output value of 30.915 billion yuan, an increase of 74.4%, which was 54.1 percentage points higher than that of industries above designated size in the city. The tertiary industry developed rapidly. First, the transportation, post and telecommunications industries grew rapidly. In 2007, the city’s freight volume was 456.6403 million tons, an increase of 6.8% over the previous year; Passenger traffic was 511,572,700, an increase of 16.9%; Passenger turnover was 128.924 billion person-kilometers, an increase of 18.1%. The passenger throughput of Baiyun Airport was 30,955,100 passengers, an increase of 18.1%; The airport cargo and mail throughput is 894,900 tons. The annual port cargo throughput was 368,644,100 tons, up by 12.3%, of which Guangzhou Port cargo throughput was 341,362,800 tons. Port container throughput is 9,932,900 TEUs,An increase of 36.9%. In 2001, the revenue from post and telecommunications business reached 25.126 billion yuan, an increase of 8.9%. The second is the rapid growth of tourism. The city’s tourism industry achieved a total revenue of 79.815 billion yuan, an increase of 13.9%. The city received a total of 33.3873 million overnight tourists, an increase of 12.8%; Among them, there were 6,113,300 overseas tourists, an increase of 8.3%. Third, the real estate market is active. The city’s investment in real estate development increased by 26.4%, an increase of 16.8 percentage points year-on-year. The contract value of commercial housing sales in the city was 121.82 billion yuan, an increase of 41.3%. The consumer market continues to flourish. In 2007, the city’s total retail sales of social consumer goods reached 259.500 billion yuan, an increase of 18.9% over the previous year, and the growth rate was 3.9 percentage points higher than that of the previous year, the highest increase since 1996. Among them, the wholesale and retail sales reached 217.865 billion yuan, an increase of 18.8%; The retail sales of accommodation and catering industry reached 41.635 billion yuan, an increase of 19.2%. The city’s wholesale and retail sales totaled 1,099.658 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 30.3%. Among the wholesale and retail businesses above designated size in the city, the retail sales of automobiles reached 27.518 billion yuan, up by 25.0%, accounting for 28.6% of the retail sales of wholesale and retail enterprises above designated size in the city, ranking first among all kinds of commodities. The retail sales of gold, silver and jewelry increased by 32.9%, and the retail sales of cultural office supplies increased by 31.1%.The retail sales of sports and entertainment goods increased by 30.8%. Investment in fixed assets grew steadily. In 2007, the investment in fixed assets of the whole society was 186.334 billion yuan, an increase of 9.8% over the previous year, and the growth rate dropped by 1.9 percentage points over the previous year. Among them, the investment in capital construction was 80.064 billion yuan, down by 3.7%; The investment in renovation was 34.714 billion yuan, an increase of 15.3%; The investment in real estate development was 70.38 billion yuan, an increase of 26.4%. The proportion of capital construction, renovation and real estate development investment in the fixed assets investment of the whole society was adjusted from 48.99%, 17.74% and 32.82% in the previous year to 42.97%, 18.63% and 37.77% respectively, and the capital construction investment decreased by 6.02 percentage points compared with the previous year. The construction of key projects progressed smoothly. In the whole year, the investment in key projects in our city was 44.992 billion yuan, with an investment completion rate of 118%. Foreign trade has slowed down steadily. In 2007, the total import and export volume of commodities in the city was 73.494 billion US dollars, up by 15.2% over the previous year, and the growth rate dropped by 4.0 percentage points. Among them, imports were 35.592 billion US dollars, up by 13.4%, and the growth rate dropped by 3.7 percentage points year-on-year; Exports reached US$ 37.902 billion, up by 17.0%, and the growth rate dropped by 4.4 percentage points year-on-year. The trade surplus was $2.31 billion, accounting for 3.14% of the city’s total merchandise import and export. From the perspective of economic types, the export of foreign-funded enterprises is dominant.Accounting for 58.43% of the city’s total exports; The export growth of private enterprises is strong, with an increase of 44.8%. Exports to Japan, the European Union, Hong Kong and other major export markets grew steadily, increasing by 23.7%, 16.2% and 12.6% respectively. The export growth rate of bulk commodities such as furniture and its parts, precious metals or jewelry wrapped with precious metals is higher than the average growth rate of the whole city. The utilization of foreign capital has increased substantially. In 2007, the contracted utilization of foreign capital in the city was 7.153 billion US dollars, up 54.2% year-on-year, with an increase of 27.5 percentage points year-on-year; The actual amount of foreign capital used was US$ 3.411 billion, up by 11.7% and 4.2 percentage points. From the perspective of foreign investment, the real estate industry is far ahead, the manufacturing industry is declining, and the culture, sports and entertainment industries are growing strongly. In 2007, the actual use of foreign capital in the real estate industry in our city was 1.62 billion US dollars, an increase of 2.2 times; The actual use of foreign capital in manufacturing industry was US$ 1.18 billion, down by 30.6%; The actual use of foreign capital in culture, sports and entertainment industry was $67 million, an increase of 18.5 times. (II) Significant improvement in benefits The economic benefits of industrial enterprises have been significantly improved. In 2007, the comprehensive index of economic benefits of industrial enterprises above designated size in the city increased significantly to 225.96, up by 24 points over the previous year; Among them, the comprehensive index of economic benefits of state-owned and state-controlled industrial enterprises above designated size was 401.66, an increase of 69.2 points, which was 175.7 points higher than that of industrial enterprises above designated size in the city. Corporate profits have risen sharply, while losses have decreased.Industrial enterprises above designated size achieved a total profit of 73.308 billion yuan, an increase of 35.9%. The loss of loss-making enterprises was 5.302 billion yuan, down by 7.1%. Fiscal revenue has increased significantly. In 2007, the total fiscal revenue from Guangzhou was 211.6 billion yuan, an increase of 22.4% over the previous year. The city’s general budget revenue was 52.379 billion yuan, an increase of 22.6%, and the growth rate was 7.6 percentage points higher than that of the previous year. Among the general budget revenue, business tax, value-added tax and enterprise income tax were 12.354 billion yuan, 11.150 billion yuan and 5.967 billion yuan respectively, up by 20.2%, 15.3% and 30.9% respectively, and the total contribution rate to the city’s general budget revenue reached 51.4%. Energy consumption is gradually decreasing. Our city pays special attention to energy conservation and emission reduction of key projects, key projects and key enterprises. Signed a target responsibility letter with 100 key energy-consuming enterprises. For newly introduced industrial projects, the examination and approval of energy consumption and pollutant discharge shall be strictly implemented. In combination with the implementation of the strategy of "retreating two into three" in the central city industry, we will accelerate the technological transformation of energy conservation and emission reduction in enterprises. The dependence of economic growth on energy consumption is gradually decreasing. It is estimated that the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP in Guangzhou will decrease by 4% year-on-year, and the emissions of sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand will decrease by 8.8% and 2.2% respectively. (3) The structure has been continuously adjusted and the industrial structure has been further optimized.In 2007, the proportion of added value of Guangzhou’s three industries was adjusted from 2.39?U40.01?U57.60 in 2006 to 2.29?U39.95?U57.76. The proportion of primary and secondary industries decreased by 0.10 percentage points and 0.06 percentage points respectively, and the proportion of tertiary industry increased by 0.16 percentage points. The three major demands tend to develop harmoniously. In 2007, the growth rate of total retail sales of social consumer goods in our city was 3.9 percentage points faster than that of the previous year, the growth rate of fixed assets investment in the whole society dropped by 1.9 percentage points, and the growth rate of commodity exports dropped by 4.4 percentage points, which obviously enhanced the pulling effect of consumer demand on economic growth. The characteristics of heavy industry are outstanding, and the innovation ability is gradually enhanced. The proportion of light and heavy industrial output value in our city is 37.73?U62.27, and the proportion of heavy industry is 1.56 percentage points higher than that of the previous year, with outstanding characteristics of heavy industry. In the whole year, the output value of high-tech products realized by industrial enterprises accounted for 30.02% of the city’s total industrial output value, an increase of 3.01 percentage points over the previous year. It shows that the innovation ability of industrial enterprises in our city has been gradually enhanced. Investment is inclined to the tertiary industry. The proportion of investment in fixed assets in the primary, secondary and tertiary industries was adjusted from 0.11: 27.30: 72.59 in the previous year to 0.06: 21.62: 78.32, and the investment in the tertiary industry increased. The structure of export products was gradually optimized. First, the export of mechanical and electrical products grew rapidly. In 2007, the export of mechanical and electrical products was US$ 19.213 billion.It increased by 18.0% over the previous year, accounting for 50.69% of the city’s total exports. Second, the growth rate of general trade exports is faster than that of processing trade exports. The general trade export of our city was 16.922 billion US dollars, up by 25.3%. The export of processing trade with imported materials and processing trade with imported materials were US$ 5.946 billion and US$ 14.280 billion respectively, up by 6.5% and 13.6% respectively. (4) People’s livelihood has gradually improved, and the living standards of residents have been greatly improved. In 2007, the average wage of employees in the city was 40,187 yuan, an increase of 10.6% over the previous year. The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 22,469 yuan, an increase of 13.2%. The per capita consumption expenditure was 18,951 yuan, an increase of 16.6%. The per capita net income of rural residents was 8613 yuan, an increase of 10.6%. With the improvement of income level, the upgrading of residents’ consumption structure has accelerated. First, the service consumption expenditure in household expenditure has increased rapidly. In 2007, the per capita service consumption expenditure of urban residents in our city was 6698 yuan, an increase of 15.9%, accounting for 35.34% of the total consumption expenditure. Expenditure on education, culture and entertainment services has become a bright spot of consumption. The per capita expenditure on education, culture and entertainment services of urban residents in our city was 3,268 yuan, an increase of 17.5%. Second, consumption hotspots such as automobiles continue to heat up. By the end of 2007, there were 13 cars for every 100 urban households in our city, a year-on-year increase of 30%. The employment situation is stable. At the end of 2007, there were 6,476,900 social workers in the city.An increase of 6.4% over the end of last year. Among them, there were 3,973,400 urban employees, an increase of 10.8%. There are 250,600 registered unemployed people in cities and towns in the city, a decrease of 14,800 from the end of last year; The registered unemployment rate in cities and towns was 2.23%, up 0.17 percentage points from the end of last year. In the whole year, 175,100 registered unemployed people in cities and towns were resettled, of which 56,300 "4,050" people (laid-off and unemployed people over 40 years old for women and 50 years old for men) were employed, and the re-employment rate of registered unemployed people in cities and towns reached 70%. The financial expenditure on people’s livelihood has increased significantly. In 2007, the expenditure on education, social security and employment, medical and health care and environmental protection in the local general budget of our city was 8.06 billion yuan, 7.179 billion yuan, 3.273 billion yuan and 485 million yuan respectively, which increased by 11.1%, 27.4%, 16.0% and 29.0% respectively, accounting for 30.46% of the local general budget fiscal expenditure. Iii. Issues needing attention (1) From the perspective of economic growth, the city’s economy mainly relies on two-wheel drive of industry and service industry, but the internal structure of industry and service industry needs to be further optimized and coordinated. Industry is an important engine of the city’s economic development, while industry is mainly driven by three pillar industries: automobile, electronics and petrochemical. The output value of the three pillar industries accounts for 43.43% of the total industrial output value above designated size. However, the internal development of the three pillar industries in our city is unbalanced.The leading role of electronic product manufacturing industry is weak. From January to May this year, the output value of electronic products manufacturing industry has been declining, and it has turned down to rise since June, but the increase is very small. In 2007, the growth rate of electronic products manufacturing industry above designated size was 18.6 percentage points lower than the city average, 35.7 percentage points lower than that of automobile manufacturing industry and 25.0 percentage points lower than that of petrochemical manufacturing industry. The contribution rate to the industrial growth above designated size in the city is only 1.73%, which is 25.47 percentage points lower than that of automobile manufacturing and 17.08 percentage points lower than that of petrochemical manufacturing. Although Guangzhou’s service industry has dominated, it is far below the level of Beijing and the world average (the added value of the world’s service industry accounted for 67.9% of GDP in 2001). At present, Guangzhou’s service industry is still dominated by traditional service industry, and the proportion of modern service industry is low, which is difficult to meet the requirements of economic transformation and independent innovation. The industrial structure of service industry needs to be optimized urgently. (2) From the perspective of the three major demands, consumption, investment and export keep pace with each other, and the relationship among them tends to be coordinated. However, the export growth rate has dropped significantly due to factors such as the adjustment of export tax rebate policy by the state, the publication of prohibited categories of processing trade and international trade friction. In the second half of the year, the export growth rate of our city dropped significantly. The annual export growth rate dropped by 4.4 percentage points over the previous year and by 5.1 percentage points over the first half of 2007. From the perspective of major export markets, exports to the United States have fallen sharply.In 2007, the export to the United States was the same as the previous year, and the growth rate dropped by 8.6 percentage points compared with the first half of the year. From the main export commodities, steel products, ships and printed circuits were greatly affected, and the annual export growth rate dropped by 82.4, 23.7 and 5.7 percentage points respectively compared with the first half of the year. At the same time, the growth rate of the output value of industrial export products above designated size in the city reached its peak in July, and then it ran at a low speed every month. In 2007, the output value of the city’s industrial export products increased by 14.3%, which was lower than the average growth rate of the city by 5.7 percentage points. It accounted for 21.19% of the total industrial output value, down 1.06 percentage points from the previous year. The export growth rate has dropped significantly, which may slow down Guangzhou’s economic development. (3) From the perspective of the quality of economic operation, the overall quality has improved, but the ability of independent innovation has yet to be enhanced. Cumulative consumer prices have risen month by month, and the "scissors difference" in production prices has increased recently, making it more difficult to save energy, reduce consumption and reduce emissions. The ability of independent innovation has yet to be enhanced. Our city’s independent innovation ability lags behind that of Shenzhen. In 2007, the output value of high-tech products of industrial enterprises above designated size accounted for 32.08% of the total output value of industrial enterprises above designated size. In 2006, the proportion in Shenzhen reached 52.8%. Shenzhen has cultivated a number of well-known large-scale high-tech backbone enterprises at home and abroad with large scale and strong strength, such as Huawei, ZTE and Global Digital. However, our city lacks the drive of well-known large-scale high-tech backbone enterprises at home and abroad. Therefore, Guangzhou urgently needs to complete the transformation of industrialization from comparative advantage to competitive advantage through independent innovation.Cumulative consumer prices are rising month by month. Since the second half of 2007, with the rapid rise of national consumer prices, the cumulative consumer prices in our city have also shown a trend of rising month by month (see Table 1 and Table 2 for details). In 2007, the overall consumer price level of urban residents increased by 3.4% over the previous year, with an increase of 1.1 percentage points over the previous year. Among them, the price of consumer goods rose by 4.4%, and the price of service items rose by 1.1%. In 2007, the overall level of rural consumer prices rose by 3.2%; Among them, the living consumer price rose by 2.8%, and the production consumer price rose by 6.6%. The sharp rise in food prices is the main factor leading to the rise in consumer prices. In 2007, the urban food price in our city rose by 8.9% (up by 1.7% in the same period of last year), which was 5.5 percentage points higher than the total consumer price index of urban residents, directly driving the consumer price of urban residents to rise by 2.93 percentage points. In 2007, the price of rural food in our city rose by 11.5%, which was 8.3 percentage points higher than the total consumer price index of rural residents.Table 1: Monthly price increase in Guangzhou in 2007 Unit:% January, February, April, May, June, August, September, October, November and December, consumer price of urban residents 12.32.82.31.92.44.44.65.354.84.6 Food price 4.04.77.36. 0.8 Table 2: Monthly cumulative price increase in Guangzhou in 2007 Unit:% January, February, March, May, June, August, September, October, November and December, consumer price of urban residents 11.622.12.12.42.733.23.33.4 Food price 4.04.45.45. In 2007, the total ex-factory price level of industrial products in our city rose by 1.4%, an increase of 0.2 percentage points year-on-year; The overall purchase price level of raw materials, fuel and power increased by 4.7%, and the growth rate dropped by 0.2 percentage points year-on-year. The difference between the ex-factory price of industrial products and the purchase price of raw materials, fuel and power in our city gradually increased in the fourth quarter. In December, the ex-factory price of industrial products increased by 2.0% over the same period of last year, and the purchase price of raw materials, fuel and power increased by 7.6% over the same period of last year.The difference between the two increased from 2.5 percentage points in September to 5.6 percentage points. The increase of "scissors difference" in production price will lead to the reduction of profit space of downstream enterprises. It is more difficult to save energy and reduce consumption and emission. The industry with relatively high energy consumption in our city grows significantly faster than the service industry with less energy consumption, especially when the industry is further heavy, the energy consumption increases, which makes it more difficult to save energy, reduce consumption and reduce emissions. (IV) From the perspective of the economic structure of internal and external sources, the exogenous economy has developed rapidly, while the endogenous economy has developed slowly. Among the total industrial output value above designated size in the city, foreign-invested enterprises from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan account for 66.39%, and the growth rate (20.0%) is close to the city’s average growth rate, while the growth rate of state-owned enterprises is 7.6 percentage points lower than the city’s average. In particular, since the beginning of this year, the cumulative growth rate of the total output value of private industrial enterprises in our city has been lower than the city average (see Figure 1 for details). It can be seen that at present, the industrial development of our city is mainly driven by exogenous enterprises. In the wholesale and retail, accommodation and catering industries, the development of private economy lags behind the average level of the whole city. The growth rate of private wholesale and retail sales is 12.2 percentage points lower than the city average, and the growth rate of retail sales is 2.3 percentage points lower than the city average; The growth rate of retail sales of private accommodation and catering industry was 0.4 percentage points lower than the city average. (5) From the perspective of reflecting people’s livelihood, although the living standards of residents have been greatly improved and people’s livelihood has been improved, the growth rate of residents’ income is lower than the growth rate of regional GDP; The income gap between urban and rural residents has increased;The prices of agricultural means of production remain high, making it more difficult for farmers to further increase their income. In 2007, the average wage growth rate of employees in our city was 10.6%, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 13.2%, and the per capita net income of rural residents was 10.6%, which was 3.9, 1.3 and 3.9 percentage points lower than the growth rate of regional GDP respectively. In 2007, the income gap between urban and rural residents in our city changed from 2.55:1 in the previous year to 2.61:1, and the gap further increased. In 2007, the price of agricultural means of production in our city increased by more than 5%. In 2007, the growth rate was 5.9%, 0.7 percentage points higher than the previous year. The high price of agricultural means of production leads to the high cost of agricultural production, which affects the enthusiasm of farmers to invest in agricultural production and makes it more difficult for farmers to further increase their income. (VI) From the perspective of horizontal comparison, some economic indicators are still far behind those of the whole country, the whole province and major cities. In 2007, the total industrial output value of Guangzhou above designated size was 890.522 billion yuan. Among the major cities in China, It ranks seventh behind Shanghai (2,193.863 billion yuan), Suzhou (1,591.469 billion yuan), Shenzhen (1,383.254 billion yuan), Tianjin (1,007.507 billion yuan), Beijing (947.554 billion yuan) and Wuxi (894.511 billion yuan), and ranks eighth with Foshan.The growth rate of gross industrial output value above designated size in Guangzhou (20.3%) is lower than that in the whole province (25.0%), Suzhou (23.3%), Wuxi (23.6%) and Foshan (30.2%). In 2007, the total value of Guangzhou’s merchandise exports was US$ 37.902 billion, which was lower than that of Shenzhen (US$ 168.493 billion), Shanghai (US$ 143.928 billion), Suzhou (US$ 118.884 billion), Beijing (US$ 48.923 billion), Ningbo (US$ 38.255 billion) and Tianjin (US$ 38.255 billion) The growth rate of Guangzhou’s total merchandise export value is 17.0%, which is lower than Ningbo (33.0%), Shanghai (29.7%), Beijing (28.9%), Suzhou (25.6%) and Shenzhen (23.8%), and also lower than the national (25.7%) and provincial (22.2%) averages. In 2007, the general budget revenue of local finance in Guangzhou was 52.379 billion yuan, ranking sixth among major cities in China, lower than Shanghai (210.263 billion yuan), Beijing (149.264 billion yuan), Shenzhen (65.806 billion yuan), Suzhou (54.182 billion yuan) and Tianjin (54.013 billion yuan). The growth rate of general budget revenue of local finance in Guangzhou is 22.6%, which is lower than that of Suzhou (35.4%), Beijing (33.6%), Shenzhen (31.4%), Shanghai (31.4%) and Tianjin (29.6%) and lower than that of the whole province (28.0%).The level of growth. IV. Outlook of Economic Situation in 2008 and Countermeasures and Suggestions Looking forward to 2008, the national economic development will still face a more favorable domestic and international environment. From the international environment, the trend of economic globalization is developing in depth and the world economic situation is generally stable, which is beneficial to the development of our city. However, the risks of the world economy are still increasing gradually. The economic slowdown in the United States, the increasing global inflationary pressure and the intensification of international trade protectionism cannot be underestimated. From the domestic environment, the successful convening of the 17th National Congress and the Olympic Games, the gradual deepening of the reform of the system and mechanism, and the continuous expansion of opening to the outside world will mobilize the enthusiasm and potential of all sectors in developing the economy. Macro-control policies in 2007 will continue to play a role, and the development of individual industries and fields will slow down. 2007 is a year of intensive macro-control policies. In terms of fiscal policy, the export tariffs on some commodities have been increased, the export tax rebate for "two high-tech and one capital" products has been abolished, the export tax rebate rate for commodities that are prone to trade friction has been reduced, and import tax concessions have been implemented for some resource products and major technical equipment products. In terms of monetary policy, the statutory reserve ratio of financial institutions was raised ten times, and the benchmark interest rate of RMB deposits and loans of financial institutions was raised six times. In 2008, a moderately tight monetary policy will be implemented, and land management will also be strengthened. Judging from the development environment of our city, we will fully implement the spirit of the 17th CPC National Congress in 2008, further deepen reform and open wider to the outside world.Vigorously promote independent innovation and structural optimization, strengthen energy conservation and emission reduction and ecological environment protection, and actively improve people’s livelihood. The 2010 Asian Games will be held in our city, and the construction of large-scale Asian Games venues and facilities will be fully launched. The economic development environment of our city in 2008 was generally good. Looking at the economic development environment at home and abroad and in our city, it is predicted that the trend of sustained and rapid economic growth in our city will not change in 2008, and the growth rate may drop slightly; Among the three major demands, export growth may slow down, investment is expected to grow steadily, the consumer market will continue to flourish, and the pulling effect of consumption on economic growth will be further enhanced. In order to ensure sound and rapid economic development in 2008, it is suggested to do the following work in combination with the actual situation of this city while implementing the national macro-control measures: (1) Further adjust the industrial structure and strive to build a modern industrial system. Agriculture should focus on developing characteristic agriculture and agricultural product processing, improving the comprehensive agricultural production capacity and establishing a long-term mechanism to ensure the stable development of animal husbandry, especially pig production, on the premise of stabilizing the grain planting area. Industry should intensify energy conservation and emission reduction, further strengthen the ability of independent innovation, and expand the production of high-tech products and high-processing products. Accelerate the development of service industry, especially the development of emerging service industries such as finance, logistics, exhibition, information transmission and software. (2) maintain a moderate level of foreign trade exports, prevent the impact of excessive deceleration on the overall economy, and continue to guide and promote the transformation of production and operation methods of "two high-tech and one capital" enterprises.Reduce the negative impact caused by the adjustment of export tax rebate. At the same time, adjust the structure of foreign trade. First, strive to expand the export of high-tech products and improve the quality and grade of export products; Second, constantly explore new markets; The third is to develop service trade and establish a mechanism to promote the development of service trade. (3) Effectively raise the income level of residents, expand their purchasing power, continue to increase new jobs, strengthen skills training and expand the scale of employment. We will continue to improve the social security system, raise residents’ expectations for future income growth, and provide dynamic support for domestic demand growth. It is necessary to increase subsidies for low-income groups, prevent them from living in difficulties due to rising prices, and strive to improve their quality of life. We should do everything possible to increase farmers’ income. Strengthen vocational training for farmers, improve their comprehensive quality and vocational skills, and improve the scientific and technological content of agriculture and the comprehensive agricultural productivity; Reasonably guide rural surplus labor to transfer employment to secondary and tertiary industries and cities, and accelerate the process of urban-rural integration. (4) Efforts to maintain the basic stability of the price level should continue to ensure the supply of non-staple food, strengthen the supervision of food quality and market prices, give full play to the guiding role of information in market supply and demand, avoid the ups and downs of consumer goods prices, and prevent prices from evolving from structural increases to inflation. (V) Vigorously support the development of the private economy, create a better development environment for private enterprises, further take effective measures to support the development of the private economy, strive to create a social atmosphere suitable for the development of the private economy, and further relax market access conditions.Create a fair competitive market environment, tap the development potential and strive to make the private economy bigger and stronger. Continue to take effective measures to activate private capital to invest in high-tech industries, modern service industries and modern agriculture, especially to guide private enterprises to take the road of scientific and technological entrepreneurship and vigorously support private enterprises to develop high-tech industries; Improve the credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises, help private enterprises solve the financing problem, and encourage private enterprises to go public for financing. (6) Improve the ability of independent innovation, create new advantages for scientific development, and take improving the ability of independent innovation as the priority strategy of economic construction, the core content of improving the comprehensive competitiveness of cities and the central link of transforming the mode of economic growth. First, we should strengthen the dominant position of independent innovation of enterprises, encourage more investment, support research and development, strengthen intellectual property protection, and improve the independent innovation system with Guangzhou characteristics. Second, we should build a high-tech industrial system with international competitiveness, and focus on promoting the construction of high-tech industrial projects such as Guangzhou International Biological Island. (VII) To further improve energy conservation and pollution reduction, we should adhere to the priority of saving and environmental protection, implement strict environmental protection policies, focus on major energy-consuming industries such as petrochemical industry, steel manufacturing, power production and transportation, strictly control high-energy-consuming projects, form a pattern of government guidance, market promotion and participation of the whole society, and continuously improve the capacity for sustainable development.