Introduction: At the National People’s Congress this year, education became the focus, and the development of off-campus training became a hot topic.

　　Laiyuan 21st century business herald (ID: jjbd21)

　　The reporter, Zhang Yating Wang Jun, the report group of the National People’s Congress of Southern Finance All Media Group.

　　Editing Bao Fangming, Lin Hong and Li Yutong

　　"Training chaos can be said to be a stubborn disease that is difficult to control." On March 6th, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader visited the members of medical and health education who attended the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference meeting.

　　Behind the "training craze", it is not difficult to see that parents’ anxiety is deeply influenced by the "score-only theory" As a supplement to school education, off-campus training institutions have their own rationality, but should people regard them as tools to "score points" or "meet diverse needs"?

　　Figure/Xinhua News Agency

　　Regulatory overweight is difficult to "reduce fever"

　　Lin Lin (a pseudonym), an 11-year-old from Wuhan, has never stopped her extracurricular training from grade one to grade five. On weekends, she has to attend many courses such as mathematics, English and dance, and her schedule is full. Six-year-old Chengcheng (a pseudonym) in Beijing has not yet entered primary school, and off-campus training in mathematics, English, programming and basketball has been arranged.

　　"Olympiad in the morning, foreign languages in the afternoon, seven or eight cram schools a week, and at the end of the day, there is no interest, so there is no study." On March 7th, Tang Jiangpeng, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and president of Jiangsu Xishan Senior High School, made a speech in the "member channel", which caused a wide discussion.

　　In fact, the governance of off-campus training at the policy level has gradually started in the 1990 s and has gradually increased since 2013. According to a paper by Xue Haiping, a professor at the School of Education of Capital Normal University in 2020, since 2013, there have been nearly 50 administrative regulations and administrative rules governing off-campus training.

　　In particular, in 2018, relevant measures were frequently introduced. In February of that year, the Ministry of Education and other four departments jointly issued the Notice on Effectively Reducing the Extracurricular Burden of Primary and Secondary School Students and Carrying out Special Governance Actions for Off-campus Training Institutions, which severely attacked off-campus training; In May, he supervised the public special governance work plan in various places and sent seven inspectors to carry out supervision; In August, the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Standardizing the Development of Off-campus Training Institutions (hereinafter referred to as "Opinions"), which is also the first systematic document at the national level to standardize the development of off-campus training institutions.

　　The regulatory requirements of the above Opinions are more detailed, specifically to "the average annual area in the same training period is not less than 3 square meters", "the fees that span more than 3 months shall not be charged at one time" and "the end time of training shall not be later than 20: 30".

　　The reporter noticed that since 2018, in the press conference of the Ministry of Education, the "super-class teaching" and "advanced teaching" of off-campus training have been repeatedly applied.

　　Can the continuous increase in rectification efforts cool down off-campus training? Since the tightening of supervision in 2018, the off-campus training industry has begun to integrate and clear up. According to the data of the Ministry of Education, as of October 30, 2018, there were 401,050 off-campus training institutions and 272,671 institutions with problems, and 104,711 institutions have been rectified, with a rectification rate of 38.40%.

　　However, it is not easy to make off-campus training really "reduce fever". According to the above survey report, in the primary school stage, subjects and interests account for 86.9% of the family’s out-of-school expenditure, 81.3% in the junior high school stage and 87.3% in the general high school stage. It can be said that a large part of the family’s out-of-school expenditure is invested in out-of-school education.

　　Selling anxious advertisements

　　"Theater effect", Hu Wei, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and full-time vice chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Democratic Progressive Party, explained the difficulty of "reducing fever" in off-campus training when interviewed by 21st century business herald.

　　"The people in front of the theater stand up, and the people behind them will stand on the stools. The people in front make up two doors and the people in the back make up three doors, and gradually increase the code. The efficiency of education has not improved, and the level is still standing still. The anxiety of students has increased, and there is an involution."

　　In the advertisements of off-campus training institutions, there are many "Do you have a child’s future in your shopping cart?" Marketing points such as "If you don’t make up lessons, we will train your children’s competitors" are constantly selling anxiety.

　　Figure/Advertising poster of a training institution

　　Last year, the "Chicken Baby" front caused widespread discussion. Lin Lin’s mother, Ms. Wang, told 21st century business herald that high school is too intense now. If the scores are not enough, she will not be able to go to high school, so the children in junior high school are under great pressure. In order to seize the advantage in junior high school, we should start to exert our strength from primary school.

　　In life, what parents talk about most is the education of their children. Although Linlin is still in the fifth grade of primary school, many parents of junior high school students have taught Ms. Wang their experience: "Take time to train, pull classes quickly, and junior high school mathematics is difficult."

　　Wu Hua, a professor at Zhejiang University, told reporters that off-campus training stems from two needs, one is compensatory and supplementary needs, and students don’t understand or listen enough, so they need to be strengthened after class. The second category is competitive needs. Everyone is trying to gain a competitive advantage for the next step to enter a higher level school, and wants to gain this advantage by participating in off-campus training.

　　"Competition exists objectively, so there is a demand for off-campus training."

　　西南财经大学发展研究院副院长陈涛认为，中国社会结构是一个高度筛选性社会，存在一定的阶层分化。而教育体系从985、211、双一流，到不少省份开始进行普通高中与职业教育分流改革，使得焦虑下移到基础教育甚至是学前教育。

　　“家长们一方面都希望孩子身心健康，有个幸福的童年；另一方面唯恐孩子输在分数竞争的起跑线上。别的孩子都学那么多，咱们不学一下还行啊？于是争先恐后。这个问题还要继续解决。”最高领袖总书记在看望参加全国政协会议的医药卫生界教育界委员时表示。

　　陈涛向21世纪经济报道记者分析称，最高领袖总书记一语道破“家长焦虑”，这背后有两层意思，一是社会问题，家长“跟风”严重；二是资本问题，校外补习机构之所以如此火爆，以及存在诸多乱象，问题根本就在于“资本的逐利性”。就是习总书记说的，“打着教育旗号侵害群众利益的行为。”

　　校外培训过热背后隐含着资本逐利的逻辑。胡卫提到一组数据：2020年，培训业中面向K12的机构数量和学生规模占比分别达到25.8%和18%；在融资额最大的10笔交易中，涉及K12的有8起；而市场估值最高的10家“独角兽”教培企业，涉及K12的就有6家。

　　Chen Tao said that the capital market has grasped the social psychology of China’s family’s desire for success and success, adding fuel to the flames.

　　"Education is for cultivating people, and the entry of capital venture capital will inevitably lead to a sharp expansion in the number and scale of off-campus training institutions." Hu Wei said.

　　"score" or "meet diverse needs"

　　Liu Xiya, a deputy to the National People’s Congress, said that the chaos in extracurricular classes has formed an interest chain composed of tutoring institutions, online teaching auxiliary platforms and other related groups. Li Jianping, a member of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, mentioned that many online training institutions spend huge sums of money on marketing advertisements, and the quality of education and teaching cannot be guaranteed.

　　In fact, at the beginning of this year, at the National Education Work Conference, Minister of Education Chen Baosheng emphasized that great efforts should be made to rectify off-campus training institutions. This is an urgent problem facing us at present. This problem cannot be solved, and it is difficult to form a good ecology of education.

　　Despite the chaos, the heat of off-campus training has not diminished. Especially affected by the epidemic, the number of applicants for online training in disciplines is considerable.

　　"I don’t want to lose at the starting line." Ma Xuelei, vice president of Beijing Private Education Association, told 21st century business herald that the current system of entering higher schools is based on scores, and the main purpose of participating in off-campus training is to improve scores and seize the next stage of quality education resources. The development of basic education in the past 20 years is an unbalanced and unfair way. Although systematic reforms have been carried out in recent years, the past development habits still carry the idea of "score-only theory" in society.

　　Specifically, he believes that the problems existing in off-campus training institutions are mainly in three aspects: first, creating educational anxiety for threatening marketing, which promotes the psychology of comparison, such as "you come, I will train your children;" If you don’t come, I will train your child’s competitors "; Second, teaching in advance, overtime and exceeding the standard interferes with the normal education and teaching ecology; The third is related issues of online education, such as teaching qualification, the problem of fee refund, false propaganda and commitment.

　　However, with the promulgation of the "Overall Plan for Deepening the Reform of Education Evaluation in the New Era" in October 2020, the main functions of off-campus training may change accordingly. The program reforms the evaluation of schools, students and teachers, and does not take scores, grades and enrollment rate as the only evaluation criteria. It requires promoting the all-round development of students’ morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor.

　　As the supreme leader mentioned, "education, whether school education or family education, can not pay too much attention to scores."

　　"At present, the curriculum teaching in schools is still in a limited range, and the growth and development of children’s personality is rich in diversity. Off-campus training can meet the diverse needs of students from multiple angles and ways." Chu Zhaohui, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Educational Sciences, told the reporter that if the education evaluation is changed according to the above plan, the off-campus training institutions that focus on the function of scoring will be a supplement to school education.

　　Online education companies Squirrel AI and homework help both told reporters that meeting some individual needs, such as making up the difference and improving the quality, is the main function of off-campus training.

　　"Training institutions give children the opportunity to choose teachers who suit their learning ability and teaching methods. Education should be thousands of people. " Li Haoyang, founder of squirrel AI, said.

　　Figure/worm

　　CPPCC members suggested: Cooperate with full-time education.

　　How to guide the standardized development of training institutions has become a common problem faced by all walks of life.

　　In the proposal brought by Hu Wei, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and full-time vice chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Democratic Progressive Party, it is suggested that the government should purchase services and digest the "just need" of training in schools.

　　Specifically, Hu Wei suggested that the education department can guide the training institutions to provide high-quality and standardized educational resources for full-time schools through the government’s purchase of services, and provide professional services in the form of not directly facing students in terms of teaching innovation, curriculum research and development, management optimization and after-school services, especially in weak schools, so as to digest the "just need" of "cultivating the best and making up the bad" in the school.

　　"In the past, schools have cooperated with off-campus training institutions, such as schools purchasing off-campus training services, but some people will question that institutions carry out activities on campus, occupying school resources or charging fees at random." Chu Zhaohui said that in fact, such a view is a kind of mechanical thinking. If we want to do a good job in educating people, we should combine multiple forces such as schools, families and society.

　　For example, in terms of the lack of special art curriculum resources or special training for special students, schools can introduce relevant services from training institutions in consideration of demand. "If this kind of cooperation is in the interests of all parties and there are corresponding agreements, it is actually a very benign cooperation between the two sides." Chu Zhaohui said.

　　At the same time, Hu Wei suggested that training institutions should be encouraged and supported to use new technologies and formats such as OMO, short video and AI+ to upgrade educational service products, reduce the educational consumption cost and enrich the supply of quality educational resources.

　　On the other hand, introducing more social resources will also become a trend to help students develop in an all-round way in the future.

　　Zhu Yongxin, member of the Standing Committee of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Deputy Secretary-General and Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Democratic Progressive Party, also mentioned in the Proposal on Strengthening the Construction of Project-based Learning Curriculum in Primary and Secondary Schools brought by the National People’s Congress this year that teachers are trained in traditional subject teaching at present, and inviting all kinds of experts to enter primary and secondary schools is also an important way for project-based learning teacher training and curriculum development.

　　"Starting from the current talent training mode of basic education, we really need the support of all sectors of society, such as social practice, project-based learning and interactive learning." Ma Xuelei said that for enterprises, it will be an important way to expand their business boundaries while ensuring the quality of the subject counseling business.

　　Figure/Xinhua News Agency

　　On "Educational Equity"

　　Regarding the issue of "educational equity" that the society is concerned about, the Supreme Leader said: "The problem of insufficient educational imbalance is closely related to the insufficient imbalance of regional development. We should promote the economic and social development of the central and western regions by improving the education level, and solve other imbalances by solving the educational imbalance. "

　　It is understood that there are 197 million primary and secondary school students in 12 grades in China, and more than 70% of them are distributed in third-tier cities and other areas. There is an imbalance in the distribution of quality education resources.

　　Online education provides technical solutions for digital education such as "AI+ big data+live broadcast", which can promote the popularization of high-quality educational resources and become one of the ways to further promote educational inclusion in the future.

　　"70% of our users come from third-and fourth-tier cities and other regions, which is exactly the same as the geographical distribution of primary and secondary school students." Homework help said that during the epidemic period, there was a greater demand for online education, and enterprises carried out online teaching in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Leshan City and other places, and provided technical support and platform construction support.

　　For the digitalization and artificial intelligence transformation of full-time schools, Li Haoyang believes that more assistance should be achieved by off-campus training institutions.

　　"The country needs to build education informatization 2.0, but the work of education informatization cannot be completed by the school itself. The research and development funds are very high, and the experts needed for scientific research are particularly scarce. It is relatively easy for enterprises to achieve these tasks, and then the school purchases them." Li Haoyang said that squirrel AI has entered tens of thousands of public schools and provided intelligent homework for 10 million students.

　　At the same time, he hopes that there should be deeper cooperation in teaching and research inside and outside the school in the future, so that the product system of the off-campus training industry can help the government achieve educational equity together.

　　For example, the teaching methods and paths of excellent teachers can be made into short videos of knowledge points and transmitted to schools with relatively weak teachers or schools with more new teachers; Or in artificial intelligence education, build a super AI teacher to help students from poor families or remote areas study for free. "This may be better than sending a good teacher to teach, because it can provide better teaching quality for local sustainability." Li Haoyang said.

　　Ma Xuelei suggested that enterprises should make use of the advantages of educational science and technology to feed back school education at the township level or in areas with weak education in the central and western regions, provide multiple support of hardware and software, or provide relevant teacher resource training to narrow the gap between urban and rural education.

　　Editor Li Yutong of this issue

This article first appeared on WeChat WeChat official account: 21st century business herald. The content of the article belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hexun.com’s position. Investors should operate accordingly, at their own risk.

The history of the Chinese nation’s reproduction for thousands of years is also the history of fighting diseases. China has accumulated many experiences and lessons in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases that are particularly harmful, which are worth reviewing, thinking and learning from.

First, the plague in history

There are countless plagues recorded in the history of our country. There were 826 records in the Chronology of Ancient Epidemic in China before 1840, many of which had an important impact on China’s political, economic and social development.

In Battle of Red Cliffs during the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao’s army was defeated by Sun Liu’s allied army, which was actually an important influence factor not written in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms-plague. "The History of the Three Kingdoms" says: "Going to Chibi from Cao Cao is not good for preparing for war. So there was a great epidemic, and many officials died, so they led the army back. "

In the 13th year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, Mina Lee "attacked Nanzhao with 70,000 soldiers", Nanzhao fortified the field, and the Tang army ran out of food. "The foot soldiers suffered from plague and starved to death in seven or eight years", and finally suffered a crushing defeat, which not only left "the village in the south and the village in the north cried and mourned, but also left a wife and a husband. The painful memory of all the barbarians before and after the cloud, thousands of people never walked back, and became the fuse of the Anshi rebellion, which made the Tang Dynasty turn from prosperity to decline.

In the war against the Mongolian army in the late Southern Song Dynasty, Sichuan Fishing Town stood firm for 36 years, which shocked the world. At that time, there was a plague in the Mongolian army. According to the Yuan History, in 1259, when the Mongolian Khan Mengge made a personal expedition, "Fishing Mountain in Hezhou was plagued by a major epidemic in the army," which gave the soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty a breathing space and finally persisted until 1279.

At the time of the Ming Dynasty’s death and the Qing Dynasty’s prosperity, the outbreak of plague also profoundly affected the historical process. History shows that there were successive plagues in Beijing from 1641 to 1643. A Record of Chongzhen said: "There was a great plague in the capital, and there were tens of thousands of deaths." The epidemic situation was so tragic that the garrison troops in Beijing were seriously short of posts, so they collapsed when the peasant army in Li Zicheng attacked.

The above are just typical examples of some important moments in history. In fact, in the vast land of China, plagues of different epidemic scales can be said to exist for all ages, seriously endangering people’s lives and health.

Second, the exploration and understanding of epidemic prevention

Where there is a plague, there must be a struggle against it. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, we can already see the early measures taken. For example, Oracle inscriptions have "illness, death", which means not to get close to the patient, probably because you have an epidemic disease. In the Yin ruins where a large number of Oracle bones were unearthed, a perfect sewer was also excavated, indicating that the city has public health facilities, which is conducive to reducing the occurrence of epidemics.

The Rites of Zhou recorded that the royal family of Zhou held regular activities of "fighting the epidemic by asking for rooms" and the officials in charge of "changing the national fire in four seasons to save the epidemic". The word "precaution" commonly used in later generations appeared in Zhouyi. The practice of using drugs to intervene epidemic diseases has also begun to appear. Shan Hai Jing contains seven kinds of drugs, such as smoked grass.

Qin bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province, record the institutions that placed lepers in the Qin Dynasty. However, in the Han Dynasty, there were institutions for accommodating and treating civilians when the plague was prevalent. "Hanshu" records: "In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 2) … those who appealed to the people for diseases and epidemics gave up their homes to buy medicine." This is the first standardized record in the history of epidemic prevention in China.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, under the guidance of traditional philosophical thinking, traditional Chinese medicine became mature, and a theoretical and technical system for disease prevention and treatment was formed on the basis of practical experience. Huangdi Neijing, a classic of traditional Chinese medicine, has a complete idea of disease prevention and control, including the pathogenic concept of "five movements and six qi", the epidemic prevention concept of "keeping healthy qi in the interior, and not doing evil" and the prevention and control concept of "treating the disease before it happens". The theory of "five movements and six qi" has constructed a macro-prediction system for the occurrence of epidemic diseases. Today, its essence lies in exploring the internal and external factors that affect human diseases. Whether the external cause leads to the disease depends on the internal cause "healthy qi", that is, the body’s constitution and resistance, so strengthening healthy qi can prevent diseases. People should strengthen prevention before the onset, or treat it early in the early stage, or prevent recurrence after treatment. Other TCM classics, such as Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Shennong Herbal Classic, provide dialectical prescriptions and drug knowledge for preventing and treating diseases. These classical theories have far-reaching influence on later generations.

Under the guidance of effective theory, the society’s understanding of the prevention and treatment of epidemic diseases has been developing continuously.

The first is a deeper understanding of infectivity. For example, it further distinguishes different infectious diseases. Chao Yuanfang of Sui Dynasty said that infectious diseases are caused by "surly qi" and have their special causes. On this basis, Wu Youke, a famous doctor in Ming Dynasty and the author of Treatise on Epidemic Febrile Diseases, summed up the theory of "hostile qi", pointing out that "qi is a thing, and things are qi" and keenly pointed out that the cause of epidemic diseases may be some invisible substance. This is very close to the hypothesis of microbial etiology.

Secondly, progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of epidemics. In terms of prevention, Hua Tuo proposed to use Tu Su wine, Ge Hong proposed to use Laojun Shenming powder, and later someone proposed to take Huoxiang Zhengqi powder. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, fragrant medicine was widely used to prevent diseases, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was popular to burn Atractylodes rhizome to purify the air. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, smallpox vaccination appeared among the people. After continuous development, it was introduced to the court in the Qing Dynasty to inoculate the royal family, and it was also popularized in many places. Some foreign envoys also came to learn and brought this technology back to Europe. Later, the British medical scientist Jenner invented vaccinia inoculation on this basis, which laid the foundation for the final elimination of smallpox, a severe infectious disease in the world. In terms of treatment, on the basis of typhoid fever theory, the system of febrile diseases and pestilence was formed in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which provided more comprehensive theoretical guidance for clinic.

The third is the continuous improvement of prevention and control measures. The Jin Dynasty has formed institutionalized epidemic prevention measures. The Book of Jin records that "courtiers are sometimes ill, and those who are infected with more than three people are not allowed to enter the palace for a hundred days." In the Song Dynasty, attention was paid to the disposal and cremation of the bodies of the infected dead as soon as possible. In the Qing Dynasty, a "pox shelter" was set up in the court to isolate people infected with smallpox, and it was stipulated that relatives could visit after nine days of isolation.

As can be seen from the above, China has rich theories and experiences in epidemic prevention in ancient times, but there are also obvious bottlenecks.

The first bottleneck is the lack of organized epidemic prevention. This is determined by the limitations of feudal dynasty rule. Some rulers are cruel and heartless. For example, Tuoba GUI, the Daowu Emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, marched south. When he encountered an epidemic disease, the ministers all asked for withdrawing troops. He even said that this was a "destiny". As long as I conquered the four seas, I didn’t have to worry about having no people. Although some rulers advocate "benevolent government", some epidemic prevention measures adopted are only applied to court officials. In the folk, whenever the plague is prevalent, local governments and social people can only do some temporary work such as taking in and distributing medicines, which is not sustainable. Lu Kun, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, once called out that every state should allocate special funds for training doctors and purchasing medicinal materials to cope with the epidemic. But in the backward and chaotic feudal era, these appeals could not be realized at all.

Another bottleneck is the lack of protection technology. Although it is recognized that epidemics are contagious, they cannot be fundamentally stopped. This limitation brought ethical problems to ancient epidemic prevention and caused discussion among scholars in Song Dynasty. Cheng Jiong, a Confucian scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, saw that some family members abandoned their sick relatives, so he said that the epidemic was caused by bad weather and would not be passed on from person to person, and asked people to stay and take care of the sick. Zhu Xi believes that the truth should be made public, so that people can choose to rescue their loved ones on the premise of understanding. Ouyang Shoudao, an educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, further pointed out that "qi is connected with illness, and qi is not connected with illness." However, under the ancient conditions, how to make "out of breath" has always lacked means. Although Wu Youke realized that "the husband’s things can control qi, so can drugs", he also felt that "I don’t know what can control it because of the intangible miscellaneous qi". Restricted by scientific and technological factors, the ancients could not know that there were pathogenic particles of different sizes in the air, and could not invent corresponding isolation protective equipment and effectively eliminate pathogens.

Third, there are great doctors in the great epidemic

Epidemic prevention and treatment are inseparable from doctors. In ancient China, a group of great doctors stood up in the great epidemic, leaving valuable spiritual wealth and coping experience for future generations.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing’s masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases was written in the plague. At that time, Zhang Zhongjing’s clan originally had more than 200 people, and 2/3 of them died in 10 years, of which 70% died of typhoid fever. Zhang Zhongjing actively saved the epidemic while he was sad and sad, and later wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases. The book carefully distinguishes the symptom changes of typhoid patients at different stages and puts forward corresponding treatment methods, which has become a model of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment. What is more inspiring to future generations is that he emphasized that doctors should have the spirit of "helping their relatives’ diseases from the top and saving the poor from the bottom" and carry out the rigorous attitude of "assiduously seeking ancient teachings and learning from all sides" in research medicine, so he was called "medical sage" by the later world.

Sun Simiao, a famous doctor in the Tang Dynasty, wrote The Great Doctor’s Sincerity, which set up the medical ethics standard of traditional Chinese medicine, in which doctors were required to "be merciful and compassionate first, and swear to save the suffering of the spirit", and "not to think twice before treating patients, but to care for their own good and bad, and to protect their lives". He personally practiced and treated more than 600 leprosy patients with chronic infectious diseases who were discriminated by society. He also put forward the thought of prevention and treatment that "there are scabs in heaven and earth, but also the things born in heaven and earth are used to guard against them", especially put forward many ideas of health preservation, whose medical ethics and medical skills are deeply admired by later generations and are called "the king of medicine".

In 1232, the Mongolian army besieged Bianjing, and the nomads stayed there for several months, causing a great epidemic. "The History of Jin" records: "The Bianjing epidemic killed more than 900,000 people in every 50 days." Scholars still have different opinions on what kind of plague was prevalent at that time. At that time, Li Gao, a famous doctor, founded the theory of spleen and stomach from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine, emphasizing that by treating internal injuries of spleen and stomach, "healthy qi should be kept in the interior" to resist pathogenic factors, which is especially suitable for malnourished people in war-torn environments. For the acute plague, the "Puji Disinfection Drink" created by Li Gao was very popular, and people carved the prescription on stone tablets to spread it. His student Luo Tianyi also became a famous doctor who was good at saving the epidemic, and treated many officers and men infected with the epidemic in the army of the Yuan Dynasty.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there appeared many famous prescriptions to save the epidemic that are still in use, all of which were summarized by famous doctors in actual combat. Such as Wu Youke’s Dayuan Drink, Yinqiao Powder from Ye Tianshi and Wu Jutong, Yu Shiyu’s Qingwen Baidu Drink, Yang Lishan’s Shengjiang Powder and Wang Qingren’s Jiedu Huoxue Decoction. From 1893 to 1894, a serious plague epidemic occurred in South China, which spread from Gaozhou, Guangdong Province to Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and continued for several years thereafter. At the early stage of the epidemic, Luo Rulan, a traditional Chinese medicine in Gaozhou, made an in-depth study. He resolutely went into the epidemic area and repeatedly observed the condition. Finally, he chose Jiedu Huoxue Decoction to add and subtract and adopted special medication, which formed an effective treatment. However, in the second year, the epidemic flared up again, and it was ineffective to reuse the original prescription. Luo Rulan practiced again and found that the epidemic virus was heavier, so the whole prescription doubled the dosage and finally "saved more than 90%". He wrote his successful experience into the book "Plague Compilation", which was widely spread, and doctors everywhere followed suit. Li Peilan, a high-ranking doctor in Guangdong, and Zheng Fenyang in Fujian all reported that the success rate reached 890%.

In the face of all kinds of plagues, generations of great doctors did not shrink back, did not avoid difficulties and dangers, repeatedly studied the treatment in practice, and gained very valuable experience. But at the same time, we should also realize the different functions of prevention and treatment. For example, Luo Rulan, a famous physician in Qing Dynasty, couldn’t stop the plague epidemic even if he explored an effective cure. According to Shenbao, tens of thousands of people died in Guangdong province in 1894 alone, and nearly 200,000 people died in the next decade. In 1894, Hong Kong took quarantine measures to deal with the plague, strictly implemented traffic quarantine, and concentrated isolation on all infected people. In the end, only 2,552 people died in the whole year. At this time, the medical community had just discovered the pathogen of plague, and there was no effective treatment. Hong Kong achieved results mainly through organized epidemic prevention. This shows that in the face of severe infectious diseases, no matter how good the treatment is, it is difficult to promote it in time and in an all-round way, which requires strong epidemic prevention measures to block it. Since modern times, the world has become increasingly interconnected, and epidemic prevention is no longer a matter of a single country or region, but has become a regional or even global matter.

Fourth, China’s experience of paying equal attention to Chinese and Western medicine

After modern western medicine was introduced to China in the late Qing Dynasty, it caused a lot of comparisons and debates about Chinese and Western medicine. However, at the more important level of public health, the Qing government was slow to make systematic changes. From 1910 to 1911, a plague epidemic broke out in the northeast of China, which threatened Beijing and Tianjin. At the same time, the Qing government faced great diplomatic pressure because the northeast was the sphere of influence of Japan and Russia. In this case, Lien Teh Wu, a western doctor, presided over the epidemic prevention in the three northeastern provinces. Through a series of quarantine and epidemic prevention measures, Lien Teh Wu has effectively quelled the epidemic situation. In 1911, the World Plague Research Association was held in Shenyang, which was the first time that a worldwide medical seminar was held in China.

After the founding of the Republic of China, a nationwide health and epidemic prevention mechanism was gradually established, and institutions such as the Central Epidemic Prevention Office, the General Administration of Epidemic Prevention in the three northeastern provinces, the Northwest Epidemic Prevention Office, the Mengsui Epidemic Prevention Office and the Harbour Quarantine Office were successively established, and health management institutions with epidemic prevention functions were established in various provinces and cities. In 1916, 1930 and 1944, the state promulgated the Regulations on the Prevention of Infectious Diseases or the Regulations on the Prevention of Infectious Diseases three times. Due to the slow development of health care, in the vast urban and rural areas, we still rely only on traditional Chinese medicine to prevent and control epidemics. At that time, there was an argument that questioned the scientific nature of Chinese medicine, and even proposed to abandon Chinese medicine.

In fact, Chinese medicine has long absorbed new knowledge and participated in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. For example, from 1917 to 1918, when the plague was prevalent in Shanxi and other places, Chinese medicine practitioners Cao Yuansen and Yang Haoru went to Datong to cooperate with western medicine in epidemic prevention; In 1919, there was an epidemic of cholera in Langfang. Chinese medicine practitioners Kong Bohua and Yang Haoru took part in the prevention and treatment. They went deep into the village to treat patients and were welcomed. The two experiences of Chinese medicine in rescuing epidemic diseases were later recorded in the book "Analysis of Eight Kinds of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Infectious Diseases".

In 1924, there was another plague in Shanxi. Three doctors from Shanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Improvement Research Association "selected Chinese medicine and were able to understand western treatment methods and acupuncture methods" to preside over epidemic prevention. They combined traditional Chinese and western medicine to control the epidemic in time, and afterwards compiled detailed reports on the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine respectively. These works prove that the synergy of traditional Chinese and western medicine is obviously more valuable.

The government of the Republic of China later passed the Regulations on Chinese Medicine, which legalized Chinese medicine. In War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1931 to 1945, Chinese medicine was brought into the wartime epidemic prevention system. The Chinese Medicine Ambulance Hospital, mainly established in yiguang, the central country, has actively rescued soldiers and civilians in Nanjing and Chongqing. Due to the interruption of the source of antimalarial drug quinine, a Chinese medicine laboratory was established in the rear area. Through the study of prescriptions, it was confirmed that Changshan, a traditional Chinese medicine, had a good effect on malaria, and the effective component Changshan alkali was extracted and its chemical structure was determined, which attracted the attention of the world pharmaceutical community.

Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the border areas have implemented the policy of cooperation between Chinese and Western medicine in health and epidemic prevention. In 1944, Mao Zedong said in a speech at the opening ceremony of Yan ‘an University: "The role of both Chinese medicine and western medicine is to cure diseases. ….. We put forward the slogan: These two kinds of doctors should cooperate. " Chinese herbal medicines are also widely used in the border areas to prevent and control epidemics.

The establishment of new China and the socialist system have opened up a brand-new road for China’s health and epidemic prevention. The Communist Party of China (CPC) faithfully practices the fundamental purpose of serving the people, and comprehensively strengthens its leadership in health and epidemic prevention. In August 1950, the first national health conference in New China was held, and the health work policy of "prevention first" and "uniting Chinese and Western medicine" was established. In 1951, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Central Committee’s Instructions on Strengthening Health and Epidemic Prevention and Medical Work", which made overall arrangements for epidemic prevention work throughout the country. For decades, the state has vigorously promoted vaccination, continued to carry out patriotic health campaigns, established a nationwide health and epidemic prevention system, improved laws and regulations on the prevention of infectious diseases, and actively carried out special prevention and treatment of plague, schistosomiasis, malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis and AIDS. Smallpox was basically eliminated in 1961, polio was eliminated in 2000, and the incidence of many infectious diseases fell to the lowest level in history. After entering the 21st century, China reorganized and established the national disease prevention and control system, further strengthened the public health and infectious disease prevention and control work, and successfully dealt with new infectious diseases such as SARS, new avian influenza and New Bunia virus. The public health and preventive medicine undertakings were continuously improved, the national health was well guaranteed, and the average life expectancy increased from 35 years before the founding of New China to 77 years, and the people had more sense of gain, happiness and security. The 70-year history of the epidemic prevention struggle in New China tells us that in a large country with a large population, without the strong leadership of the Party and the unified and efficient institutional advantage of the socialist system,Without the "people-centered" policy line and the rapid development of medical and health undertakings, it is impossible to achieve such great achievements in the field of public health today.

In this process, traditional Chinese medicine has also played a positive role, showing many characteristics. From 1954 to 1955, Japanese encephalitis broke out in Shijiazhuang, and Guo Keming, a Chinese medicine practitioner, successfully treated many patients. After field investigation by experts from the Ministry of Health, the effect of Chinese medicine therapy was affirmed and popularized throughout the country. In 1956, when Japanese encephalitis was prevalent in Beijing, Pu Fuzhou, a famous Chinese medicine practitioner, continued to use Shijiazhuang therapy, but the effect was not good. Later, according to the situation in Beijing, he added dehumidifying drugs and achieved good results. This shows that TCM treatment of epidemic diseases needs syndrome differentiation and treatment.

In 1967, China started the May 23rd project to develop new antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin was found and extracted from Artemisia annua in Tu Youyou, and it was proved that artemisinin had good antimalarial effect after a large-scale and long-term verification through national cooperation. Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. This shows that there are many pearls and jade in the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine worth excavating.

When SARS broke out in 2003, faced with this new infectious disease, which was unknown to the world medical community at that time, while implementing effective prevention and control, Chinese medicine vigorously played a therapeutic role and achieved good results in reducing fever time and sequelae, which was affirmed by experts from the World Health Organization. This reflects another advantage of traditional Chinese medicine in treating epidemic diseases. According to the understanding of the relationship between evil and positive in traditional Chinese medicine theory, Chinese medicine can carry out syndrome differentiation and treatment under the condition that the pathogen is unknown, and treat patients as soon as possible.

Obviously, while China continues to vigorously improve the level of medical science and technology and improve the prevention and control mechanism of infectious diseases, giving full play to the role of traditional medicine and strengthening the coordination of Chinese and Western medicine will certainly push forward the epidemic prevention work in the new era.

At present, the people of China are waging a severe struggle against the COVID-19 epidemic. With the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, the material foundation guarantee laid since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, the support of "China Spirit" nurtured by patriotism and reform and innovation, and the tenacious struggle of medical staff who are courageously fighting for sacrifices, the heroic people of China will certainly be able to overcome all kinds of plagues and ghosts and win the final victory in the fight against the epidemic!

Author: Professor of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

　　Originally, it was just an ordinary criminal case, but when the police routinely tested DNA, it led to another child abduction case that had been covered up for 17 years. Recently, the People’s Court of Futian District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province made a first-instance judgment on this child abduction case. The defendants Zhang, Zhong Moumou and Zhang Mouying constituted crime of trafficking in children and were sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment ranging from 2 years and 6 months to 5 years respectively.

　　At about 19: 00 on March 31st, 2001, Mr. and Mrs. Lin, who were doing small business in a market in Futian District, took their two daughters and their twin sons Xiao Da (a pseudonym) and Xiao Di (a pseudonym) to the supermarket. Soon after leaving home, everyone could not help laughing when they saw Xiao Da’s feet covered with her mother’s shoes. Because he was worried that he would not walk well, he asked Xiao Da to go home and find his grandmother to change shoes, so he didn’t have to follow him.

　　After that, Lin and others visited the supermarket for more than an hour. After returning home, they were told by their grandmother that Xiao Da went out to find them alone after changing his shoes, and has not returned yet. The distance from the supermarket to home is not far, but Lin launched relatives and friends to look back and forth several times, but did not find Xiao Da.

　　According to the security guard in the parking lot, he once saw a man in his 40 s holding Xiao Da, who was crying all the time. When the security guard saw it, he asked him. The man claimed that he and the child’s parents were fellow villagers, but he could also tell the situation of the child’s family, and the security guard did not stop him after listening.

　　Who is this man? Lin failed to check one by one from his acquaintances, thinking that Xiao Da must have been taken away by traffickers, so he quickly called the police and embarked on a long road of finding children.

　　In March 2018, in a detention center in a city in Guangdong Province, 22-year-old Jing Tsai (pseudonym) was detained according to law for theft. According to the results of police DNA test, Jingzai has no blood relationship with his parents registered in the household registration, but is in line with the blood sample of Lin and his wife, that is, Jingzai is Xiao Da, a lost child of Lin 17 years ago.

　　When Lin’s family cried with joy for this sudden good news, Shenzhen police quickly attacked and dug up clues from Jingzai’s adoptive parents. In September 2018, Zhang, his brother-in-law Zhong Moumou and his sister Zhang Mouying, who participated in the trafficking of Xiaoda, took the initiative to surrender to the public security organs.

　　According to Zhang’s confession, he lived near the crime scene that year. On the day of the crime, shortly after Xiao Da disappeared, a man named "A Jun" whom he knew brought him a little boy (Xiao Da), saying that he was an illegitimate child that others didn’t want, and gave it to Zhang Yangyang. Zhang did not ask again, and after accepting it, he was taken care of by his mother. More than 10 days later, because her mother was old and unwell, Zhang informed her brother-in-law, Zhong Moumou, to bring Xiao Da back to his hometown, a village in a town in Heyuan City.

　　After the child was brought back to the village, it quickly attracted the attention of other villagers, but Zhong Moumou and his wife claimed that the child was the illegitimate child of a friend from other places according to the reasons told by Zhang in advance. The child’s father died in a car accident, and the mother wants to remarry, so I want to entrust them to find a family to adopt.

　　After hearing the news, Zhu, who lives in the same village, quickly rushed to Zhong’s home. It turned out that just two years ago, Zhu’s 3-year-old grandson accidentally fell into the pond and drowned because of poor care by adults, and the whole family was heartbroken. Zhu and his wife, who have always felt guilty about their daughter, liked Xiao Da very much after seeing him healthy. After discussion, they decided to adopt Xiao Da on behalf of their daughter and son-in-law.

　　On April 29, 2001, the two sides signed a custody contract, stipulating that Zhong Moumou agreed to entrust the child to Zhu for custody, and Zhu paid Zhong Moumou 10,000 yuan as the original custody fee. The contract also stated that if there was abduction, Zhong Moumou would take full responsibility. After receiving the money, Zhong Moumou paid 3,000 yuan for milk powder according to Zhang’s request.

　　In this case, due to the long time interval between the incidents, coupled with the limited technical means of investigation in that year, and some important witnesses have died or left Shenzhen. Although the existing evidence can prove that the three defendants have committed the crime of abducting and selling children for profit, there are several chances hidden behind their "confession". In particular, Zhang’s confession either evaded the importance or said that he was too old to remember, resulting in some doubts about the details of the child’s transfer.

　　In order to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of victims, crack down on crimes accurately and effectively, and ensure the quality of case handling, Futian District People’s Procuratorate undertook the careful deployment of prosecutors, took a multi-pronged approach, actively communicated with public security organs, coordinated and guided evidence collection, and helped victims to correctly defend their rights and get out of the shadows as soon as possible to return to normal life.

　　At the trial stage of the court, all three defendants argued that Xiao Da was left for his own adoption, and was later given to others because of real economic difficulties. There was no "selling for the purpose" of abducting children, and Zhang even put forward two new witnesses to prove it.

　　The prosecutor in charge made a strong complaint in court, which broke their luck psychology while popularizing the law: Zhang and Zhong each had four children and both had boys at the time of the crime. At that time, Zhang’s family income was about 1,500 yuan, and Zhong’s family income fluctuated between 500 and 1000 yuan, so they were hard-pressed when raising their own children. Therefore, it was not reasonable to adopt Xiao Da from the economic conditions or traditional ideas.

　　Xiao Da stayed in the two families for only about 29 days before and after, but Zhong Moumou and others charged Zhu an amount nearly 10 times more than his monthly income. As a nominal "original support", it is obviously unreasonable. According to article 17 of the opinions of the two high schools on punishing the abduction and trafficking of women and children according to law in March 2010, it should be recognized that Zhong Moumou and others have the subjective purpose of illegally profiting.

　　After the trial, the procuratorate and the public security organs started a new round of investigation and evidence collection on the new evidence presented in Zhang’s court. Investigators also went to Chongqing and found two witnesses in Zhang’s mouth. It was verified that they were not at the scene when the crime was committed, and the testimony they said was actually the situation that Zhang suddenly called a year ago. And this time is just after Xiao Da’s true identity is exposed. That is to say, the testimony was actually a confession after the event and did not have the real effect of on-site witness, so the court did not adopt it.

　　In the second trial, Zhang and his defenders did not put forward any new defense opinions in the face of this investigation result.

　　Finally, the court ruled that the defendants Zhang, Zhong Moumou and Zhang Mouying were convicted of crime of trafficking in children. At the same time, it was determined that Zhong Moumou and Zhang Mouying could truthfully confess the facts of the crime and had the plot of surrender. Finally, the defendant Zhang was sentenced to 5 years in prison and fined 10,000 yuan; The defendants Zhong Moumou and Zhang Mouying were each sentenced to 2 years and 6 months in prison and fined 10,000 yuan. (Reporter Tang Rong correspondent Wang Qian)